State and Church Essay examples - 1279 Words

Christopher Columbus and Cabeza de Vaca were two known adventurers, one being an explorer and the other as a treasurer. Both men had great reputations, which led to positions of high status. Cabeza de Vaca became the treasurer on an expedition to explore the Gulf coast as a young nobleman and Christopher Columbus went on many expeditions to explore lands of treasure and jewels of all sorts. Both men explored in a time in which the lands were controlled by church and state and because of this, pressure of enormous amounts were placed on the shoulders of these men. The misfortunes these men encountered on their expeditions led them to choose a side in which they tried to disguise their true outcomes. Cabeza de Vaca and Christopher Columbus†¦show more content†¦Cabeza de Vaca shows that he could not have retaliated or even injured them because they were hidden in places where they could not be seen. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;As Cabeza de Vaca continues, his encounters seemingly becomes harsher and he starts to relate these outcomes to God. Cabeza de Vaca also relates the losses to not only the surprising attack of the Indians and their camouflage within the surroundings but also to weaponry they used and the way they used them, â€Å" The bows they use are as thick as the arm, of eleven or twelve palms in length, which they will discharge at two hundred paces with so great precision that they miss nothing†(pg.131). In chapter eight of Cabeza de Vaca log is where you start to see the experiences are in the name of God. Cabeza de Vaca starts to describe the land and the troubles of it including the harsh conditions of resources not being available, â€Å" I cease here to relate more of this, because any one may suppose what would occur in a country so remote and malign, so destitute of all resources, whereby either to live in it or go out of it; but most certain assistance is in God,Show MoreRelatedThe Separation Of Church And State902 Words   |  4 PagesA Closer look at the Separation of Church and State in the United States Although â€Å"God† is mentioned in the Constitution, this country was built upon the principle of separation of church and state. Despite this ideal, those elected into office: propose, pass, and deny laws based on their religious beliefs, completely disregarding the previously mentioned principle. The problem with that is that the country is so ethnically and culturally diverse that one religion representing an entire nation ofRead MoreSeparation Of Church And State1095 Words   |  5 PagesThe separation of church and state has been encountered and challenged several times in the Supreme Court, which was first mentioned by Thomas Jefferson. However it is not solidly stated in the Constitution on what is right or wrong and good or bad. This theory was modified from various elements from the Constitution essentially the first and fourteenth amendments. In the first amendment it is written Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exerciseRead MoreSeparation Of Church And State1446 Words   |  6 Pagesseparation of church and state still necessary in the overall legal and social aspects of a modern society such as the United States? Research and history show that maintaining the church separate from the government is important for the ongoing success of a free and well functioning society. Separation of church and state is a political and legal doctrine which states that government and religious institutions are to be kept separate and independent from one another. Ideally, the church should notRead MoreSeparation Of Church And State Essay1513 Words   |  7 PagesSeparation of church and state is a defined as, the understanding of the intent, and function of the Establishment Clause, and Free Exercise Clause. The Combination of church and state has been a topic that, many generations have struggled with for centuries. The first amendment of the constitution states that â€Å"Congress shall make no law about our religious beliefs, or prohibiting our free exercise of religion† If we put our faith in the constitution to define the founding father’s standpoint ofRead MoreSeparation Of Church And State Essay1455 Words   |  6 PagesSeparation of Church and State. This statement has not only caused controversy in the â€Å"rights† a church has, but h as also lessened the impact a person of faith can have on society. Separation of Church and State has been falsely identified as being a part of the first amendment, however it is directly stated in the US Constitution that Congress shall make no law prohibiting the practice of a religion or prohibiting the practice of this religion in the eyes of society. Not once is Separation of Church and StateRead MoreThe Separation Of Church And State Essay1641 Words   |  7 PagesThe separation between church and state is a debate that continues to grow with tension as the culture of America rapidly polarizes. A long-standing claim that America was founded on Christian doctrine is a common argument in favor of the church and state to remain together, yet the most commonly used metaphor explaining what the â€Å"Separation of Church and State† contextually means in today’s terms is simply that government and religion should not coincide with one another in any capacity. Evide nceRead MoreThe separation of church and state1200 Words   |  5 PagesThe separation of church and state has been a long debated topic in the history of America. Although founded upon Christian ideals, the framers of the Constitution explicitly outlined the government to function secularly, in what is commonly referred to as the â€Å"Establishment Clause†. When interpreting the Constitution in regards to religion, there are two primary philosophies. The first philosophy this paper will explore will be referred to as Positive Toleration. In general, the idea of positiveRead MoreSeparation of Church and State685 Words   |  3 PagesThe United States of America was founded on the basis of religious freedom. Judgment on the legality of the Separation of Church and State should not be based on one’s religion. The phrase â€Å"Separation of church and state† sometimes known as â€Å"wall of separation between church and state†, is a phrase used by Thomas Jefferson in understanding the two clauses of the First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States: Establishment Clause and the Free Exercise Clause. The public education systemRead MoreSeparation Of Church And State1717 Words   |  7 PagesSeparation of Church and State Separation of church and state has long been regarded as a foundation of American democracy. At the same time, the concept has remained highly controversial in the popular culture and law. Much of the debate over the application and meaning of the phrase focuses on its historical antecedents. The reason I chose this specific topic is due to the fact I’m a devout Christian and I also have strong interest in political science. In this paper I will briefly explain someRead MoreSeparation Of Church And State1825 Words   |  8 PagesSeparation of church and state refers to the division of the relationship between religion and government. Various laws apply to different countries around the world about the separation of church and state. Some involve religion so much into their daily lives; it controls how their country is run. In other places, where it is not mandated as much, it becomes a problem in disputing what is and what is not right. The United States of America faces this issue as they struggle deciding what the meaning

Normans - Medieval Viking Rulers in France and England

The Normans (from the Latin Normanni and Old Norse for north men) were ethnic Scandinavian Vikings who settled in northwest France in the early 9th century AD. They controlled the region known as Normandy until the mid 13th century. In 1066, the most famous of the Normans, William the Conqueror, invaded England and conquered the resident Anglo-Saxons; after William, several kings of England including Henry I and II and Richard the Lionheart were Normans and ruled both regions. Dukes of Normandy Rollo the Walker 860-932, ruled Normandy 911-928, married Gisla (daughter of Charles the Simple)William Longsword  ruled 928-942Richard I (the Fearless), born 933, ruled 942-996 married Hugh the Greats daughter Emma, then GunnorRichard II (The Good) ruled 996-1026 married JudithRichard III ruled 1026-1027Robert I (The Magnificent, or The Devil) ruled 1027-1035 (Richard IIIs brother) William the Conquerer, 1027-1087, ruled 1035-1087, also King of England after 1066, married Matilda of Flanders Robert II (Curthose), ruled Normandy 1087-1106 Henry I (Beauclerc) b. 1068, King of England 1100-1135 Henry II b. 1133, ruled England 1154-1189 Richard the Lionheart also King of England 1189-1216John Lackland Vikings in France By the 830s, the Vikings arrived from Denmark and began raiding in what is today France, finding the standing Carolingian government in the midst of an ongoing civil war. The Vikings were only one of several groups who found the weakness of the Carolingian empire an attractive target. The Vikings used the same tactics in France as they did in England: plundering the monasteries, markets and towns; imposing tribute or Danegeld on the people they conquered; and killing the bishops, disrupting ecclesiastical life and causing a sharp decline in literacy. The Vikings became permanent settlers with the express collusion of Frances rulers, although many of the grants were simply a recognition of de facto Viking control of the region. Temporary settlements were first established along the Mediterranean coast from a series of royal grants from Frisia to the Danish Vikings: the first was in 826, when Louis the Pious granted Harald Klak the county of Rustringen to use as a retreat. Subsequent rulers did the same, usually with the aim of putting one Viking in place to defend the Frisian coast against others. A Viking army first wintered on the Seine river in 851, and there joined forces with the kings enemies, the Bretons, and Pippin II. Founding Normandy: Rollo the Walker The duchy of Normandy was founded by Rollo (Hrolfr) the Walker, a Viking leader in the early 10th century. In 911, the Carolingian king Charles the Bald ceded land including the lower Seine valley to Rollo, in the Treaty of St Clair sur Epte. That land was extended to include what is today all of Normandy by AD 933 when the French King Ralph granted the land of the Bretons to Rollos son William Longsword. The Viking court based at Rouen was always a little shaky, but Rollo and his son William Longsword did their best to shore up the duchy by marrying into the Frankish elite. There were crises in the duchy in the 940s and 960s, particularly when William Longsword died in 942 when his son Richard I was only 9 or 10. There were fights among the Normans, particularly between pagan and Christian groups. Rouen continued as a subordinate to the Frankish kings until the Norman War of 960-966, when Richard I fought against Theobald the Trickster. Richard defeated Theobald, and newly arrived Vikings pillaged his lands. That was the moment when Normans and Normandy became a formidable political force in Europe. William the Conquerer The 7th Duke of Normandy was William, the son Robert I, succeeding to the ducal throne in 1035. William married a cousin, Matilda of Flanders, and to appease the church for doing that, he built two abbeys and a castle in Caen. By 1060, he was using that to build a new power base in Lower Normandy, and that is where he began amassing for the Norman Conquest of England. You can find lots more about William the Conquerer and the Battle of Hastings elsewhere. Ethnicity and the Normans Archaeological evidence for the Viking presence in France is notoriously slim. Their villages were basically fortified settlements, consisting of earthwork-protected sites called motte (en-ditched mound) and bailey (courtyard) castles, not that different from other such villages in France and England at that time. The reason for the lack of evidence for explicit Viking presence may be that the earliest Normans tried to fit into the existing Frankish powerbase. But that didnt work well, and it was not until 960 when Rollos grandson Richard I galvanized the notion of Norman ethnicity, in part to appeal to the new allies arriving from Scandinavia. But that ethnicity was largely limited to kinship structures and place names, not material culture, and by the end of the 10th century, the Vikings had largely assimilated into the larger European medieval culture. Historic Sources Most of what we know of the early Dukes of Normandy is from Dudo of St Quentin, a historian whose patrons were Richard I and II. He painted an apocalyptic picture of Normandy in his best-known work De moribus et actis primorum normanniae ducum, written between 994-1015. Dudos text was the basis for future Norman historians including William of Jumià ¨ges (Gesta Normannorum Ducum), William of Poitiers (Gesta Willelmi), Robert of Torigni and Orderic Vitalis. Other surviving texts include the Carmen de Hastingae Proelio and the  Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. Sources This article is part of the About.com guide to Vikings, and part of the Dictionary of Archaeology Cross KC. 2014. Enemy and Ancestor: Viking Identities and Ethnic Boundaries in England and Normandy, c.950 – c.1015. London: University College London. Harris I. 1994. Stephen of Rouens Draco Normannicus: A Norman Epic. Sydney Studies in Society and Culture 11:112-124. Hewitt CM. 2010. The Geographic Origins of the Norman Conquerors of England. Historical Geography 38(130-144). Jervis B. 2013. Objects and social change: A case study from Saxo-Norman Southampton. In: Alberti B, Jones AM, and Pollard J, editors. Archaeology After Interpretation: Returning Materials to Archaeological Theory. Walnut Creek, California: Left Coast Press. McNair F. 2015. The politics of being Norman in the reign of Richard the Fearless, Duke of Normandy (r. 942–996). Early Medieval Europe 23(3):308-328. Peltzer J. 2004. Henry II and the Norman Bishops. The English Historical Review 119(484):1202-1229. Petts D. 2015. Churches and lordship in Western Normandy AD 800-1200. In: Shepland M, and Pardo JCS, editors. Churches and Social Power in Early Medieval Europe. Brepols: Turnhout.

Liaison in health setting Free Essays

string(57) " the associated stigma must be addressed and considered\." Introduction There are a number of factors to consider when discussing why Saudi children are obese. Broadly, these can be broken up into genetics, socio-economic factors and societal or cultural factors. When discussing the reasons for why obesity is so prevalent, one needs to make sure that the parameters of the discussion are strictly adhered to because this is a potentially very broad topic. We will write a custom essay sample on Liaison in health setting or any similar topic only for you Order Now For example, genetics includes a complex study of human genes that make a person more prone to obesity; however these will not necessarily be relevant to the discussion between the World Health Organisation and the Saudi Arabian health minister. The focus of this research therefore will be the examination of the socio-economic and cultural factors the development of childhood obesity and how best they may be treated by services offered in a mental health institute. Research The relevant research to the topic would include any primary and secondary sources of information on the topic. Firstly, it will be useful to uncover the socio-economic or cultural/social factors contributing to childhood obesity in order to determine a common thread between the U.K and Saudi weight trends. These can encompass anything from journal articles and reports to textbooks and studies. It will also be useful to determine the possible or probable advantages of using a mental health institution as a combatant to childhood obesity. This will include examination of primary and secondary sources of information about obesity as a mental health issue. There is a wide variety of literature on the relationship between mental health and obesity. In this way the research will focus not only on the treatment as obesity as a mental health concern, but also the likely causes of obesity amongst children. It may then be useful to determine the successes and failure of mental health practice s as a treatment for obesity, by examining research conducted on these methods and the outcomes. At this stage, the existing studies on the topic do not necessitate an independent research project, however with Western studies one must be mindful of the impact of cultural differences affecting Saudi. Cultural or Other Information Worth Noting Whilst the possible genetic contribution to obesity as well as inherited lifestyle factors from a parent-child relationship are largely inconclusive and highly subjective, the relevance of these factors to the development of childhood obesity and ultimately adult obesity must be noted (Parsons et al, 1999). In noting these factors, one must acknowledge that they perhaps create a predisposition towards an obesity creating lifestyle, however for the purposes of this report these will not be dealt with. Many socio-economic and cultural factors appear to adversely affect females more significantly than their male counterparts (Parsons et al, 1999). It must be emphasized that childhood obesity plays a significant role in a large majority of adult obesity incidence and the implications for the health-services and economy of a country are largely affected but the development of an obese workforce (Parsons et al, 1999). Externally, environmental and perinatal considerations have been indicated as the main contributing risk factors for development of childhood obesity (Ebbeling et al, 2002) such as â€Å"parental fatness, social factors, birth weight, timing or rate of maturation, physical activity, dietary factors and other behavioral or psychological factors† (Parsons et al, 1999). There is some consensus that these environmental factors are the primary source of childhood obesity (Ebbeling et al, 2002) which can be combated by simple, yet politically difficult solutions. There is some evidence of this to be seen in Saudi Arabia with a significantly higher incidence of childhood obesity occurring in the more urban settings with a disparity of over 30% between these two environmental factors in some cases (al-Nuaim, 1996). These environmental factors include diet, physical activity, effects of dietary pattern, the practice of the food sector and television watching. It is clear therefore that there is a link between the urban setting of a child and the probability of developing childhood obesity. In the majority of circumstances therefore, mental health care will have little effect on preventing obesity on a large scale and there is a strong connection between poor environmental factors and obesity. Obesity and Mental Health There is a distinction to be drawn between a mental health concern as a cause of obesity and the associated psychological factors that accompany childhood obesity. There is significant evidence conducted in studies around the world that contribute obesity as a result of a compulsive eating addiction disorder (Davis and Carter, 2009). The psychological effects of compulsive overeating or food addiction are comparatively similar to those of more ‘traditional’ substance abuse such as drug or alcohol dependency. There is a similar clinical and behavioral pattern formation in the use of food as a kind of drug with severe psychological and physical effects from withdrawal and tolerance levels. One can see a similar loss of control with food addiction, cravings and relapse-potential being ultimately incredibly high (Davis and Carter, 2009). A very effective treatment of this food addiction has proven to be cognitive behavioral therapy which has a proven success rate in drug addiction patients with a low relapse rate relative to other treatment options. A mental health option of treatment for childhood obesity targeting this compulsive overeating disorder is necessary. There is further a common experience of compulsive overeating being antecedent to some kind of sexual molestation or abuse in children. Whilst the compulsive overeating may be a manifestation of the trauma suffered by the child, there are obvious and very severe psychological complications associated with sexual abuse, therefore often in treatment thereof, one deals with the obesity as a part of the consequences of addressing the psychological repercussions of the abuse (Goldfarb, 1987). Mental health care facilities for the treatment of obesity may well be the most effective treatment as it may provide a certain level of trust and privacy for the patient or child in seeking early treatment. The reception of mental health treatment and the associated stigma must be addressed and considered. You read "Liaison in health setting" in category "Essay examples" Whilst there is no stigma generally attached to a lifestyle change promoting weight loss in either target location, there is a general stigma to be addressed with the implication of labeling a patient as an addict and the associated behaviors that one attributes to this disorder. Particularly in Saudi Arabia, one must consider the societal challenges that a general perception or attitudes towards mental health care that may be presented in either case. Particularly so because children are a vulnerable group in terms of impression by piers and society generally and if this stigma is not addressed, it could lead to further psychological complications. One needs to be careful to avoid any excess attention or bullying of the child if treated in a mental health institution, particularly because there is a misconception as to the nature of obesity and the effects thereof. It is important to also realize the effects of obesity on psychological factors independent of these ‘causes’, such as low self esteem and depression amongst children. There is research to indicate that not only is depression more frequent in obese children, however that there is a link between low self esteem and depression leading to increased experimentation with cigarettes, alcohol and drug-use (Strauss, 2000). These psychological effects, if untreated, will carry over into the adult lives of the patients which can lead to increased risk of suicide, self-harm and weight related health complications. This is particularly dangerous for female patients when considering that the prevalence of obesity is higher in females and much of global obesity is attributed to pregnancy and child-bearing generally. With the U.K and Saudi Arabia being countries that are closely linked to the idea of a family nexus, this is clearly a large risk for obese female children. Glossary Binge Eating Disorder (BED): also referred to as compulsive overeating addition disorder, compulsive overeating or food addiction. This disorder affects people by making a person feel compelled to overeat on a regular basis. This disorder is akin to other eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and ED-NOS (eating disorder not other specified) (NHS, 2012). Reasons for the development of this disorder include anxiety and depression. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): a type of therapy that encourages change in the way that one thinks and acts in accordance to certain situations. Therefore, the therapy is cognitive in that it addresses how one thinks and behavioral in addressing how one acts (NHS, 2012). Challenges The challenge with this research is in the CBT and BED aspects of the respective countries. It is safe to assume that effective health care services can be given to those suffering depression, anxiety and low self-esteem with either party, however how does the establishment of a mental health care institute significantly improve the obesity statistics. A mental health care institution is highly advantageous to patients requiring in-patient care in the facility. Would it not be more efficient to provide a more effective out-patient mental health care facility where patients could receive long-term therapy without some kind of committalThis would save cost of building the facility allowing a reallocation of the budget to more staff to improve the reach of the institute and improve the research output of the institute. The social stigma attached to mental illness is great in both the U.K and Saudi Arabia. However, the private and conservative cultural climate of Saudi Arabia may make the goals of the institute more challenging as it would require a dialogue on a topic that is considered ‘taboo’ in many societies, i.e. addiction and potentially sexual abuse. Particularly with relation to children and sexual abuse, it is foreseeable that there may be challenges in collecting data for research such as this. With children there is a large element of parental control and with information as to the causes of obesity and the depth of CBT in psychological treatment, there may be hesitation on the part of the family to ‘allow’ treatment of the child. What other support and partnerships are looking to be formed in the establishment of this instituteThere are a number of associated medical professions that are absolutely critical in combating childhood obesity, such as general medical practitioners, dietitians and nutritionists, exercise consultants and a large need for a form of liaison between the institute and parents. The entirety of obesity as a disease cannot be treated in isolation and how does one continue to have a large reach for research and treatment if there are financial limitations on these projects, as well as requiring a thorough and high level of expertise. Conclusion The use of mental health facilities as a treatment programme for childhood obesity is undoubtedly effective. The parameters of this institution must be carefully monitored and defined in order to determine the best possible solution to obesity crisis facing the world. It is recommended that these facilities provide a strong out-patient programme to allow for greater reach in the community that it is looking to serve in order to reach a larger number of patients and create awareness and education for these issues surrounding obesity. Education on the issue is absolutely vital. The stronger emphasis on an out-patient programme will also allow a reallocation of resources to employ more health care professional serving an overall purpose of the mental health care institute – being to target childhood obesity. This also allows for treatment that is minimally disruptive to the child’s everyday activities and will not serve to isolate the child, as many in-patient programmes o ften do. One needs to be specifically mindful of the societal implications and stigma attached to mental health care services and in doing so look to mitigate any harmful societal or cultural effects that the treatment may have on the child or their relationships with peers and their family members, at the same time ensuring that there is an effective establishment of the required support network to aid the child in their journey. Bibliography Al-Nuiam, AR, Bamgboye EA al-Herbish A, 1996 ‘The pattern of growth and obesity in Saudi Arabian male school children.’ International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, 20(11), pp 1000 – 5 Davis and Carter, 2009 ‘Psychobiological traits in the risk profile for overeating and weight gain: Psychobiological risk profile’ International Journal of Obesity, 33, s49 – 53 Ebbeling, Cara, Dorota B Pawlak David S Ludwig, 2002, ‘Childhood obesity: public-health crisis, common sense cure’, The Lancet, 460, pp 473 – 482 Goldfarb, Lori, 1987. ‘Sexual abuse antecedent to anorexia nervosa, bulimia, and compulsive overeating: Three case reports.’ International Journal of Eating Disorders, 6(5), pp 675-680 National Healthcare Service United Kingdom, 2012. [online] Available on http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions [Accessed 10 June 2012] Parsons TJ, Power C, Logan S Summerbell CD, 1999 ‘Childhood predictors of adult obesity: a systematic review.’ International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, 23, pp 1 – 107 Strauss, Richard, 2000 ’Childhood Obesity and Self-Esteem’ Pediatrics?105, pp15 How to cite Liaison in health setting, Essay examples