Leonardo Da Vinci

Leonardo Da Vinci Leonardo Dad Vinci Leonardo dad Vinci was born in Vinci, Italy on April 15, 1452. He was an Italian artist, painter, sculptor, architect, engineer and a scientist. He was also one of the greatest minds of the Italian Renaissance. Renaissance is the transitional movement in Europe between medieval and modern times beginning in Italy in the 14th century and ending in the 17th century. It was marked by a humanistic revival of classical influence showed it a flowering of the arts, literature and by the beginnings of modern science.The Italian Renaissance is the time period when Italy was the center of the Renaissance. He was born to unmarried parent's who were Seer Piper dad Vinci (he was an official who certifies legal documents) and a nearby woman named Catering. There isn't much to say about Leonardo childhood except that when he was 15 his father introduced him to Andrea Del Veronica. He was a painter, sculptor, goldsmith and a magnificent craftsman. He wanted to make sure that his w ork was perfect regarding the way he portrayed the human body.The elements that Veronica had were important to Leonardo because he admired Veronica's artistic traits. After Leonardo completed his apprenticeship he continued his Job as an assistant at Veronica's workshop. Leonardo first well-known painting in displayed in Veronica's Baptism of Christ. In about 1478 Leonardo set up his own studio. Three years later he received a church contract for an altarpiece (the sculpture in front of a church) called the Adoration of the Magi. The Magi altarpiece was left unfinished because Leonardo left Florence to accept the Job of a court artist for the Duke of Milan.Leonardo presented himself to the Duke of Milan as a skilled worker in crafts but more particularly in military engineering. Leonardo first Melamine painting was titled Virgin of the Rocks. It is from a respected tradition that the Holy Family is presented inside a cave. The setting that this piece reveals shows Leonardo interest in representing nature with dimmed lights. Some advice that Leonardo gave out to artists was to draw at dusk in courtyards with the walls painted black. Another famous painting from Leonardo was the Last Supper.Instead of painting this piece with water color paints on fresh plaster he tested an oil- based medium. His experiment with the oil base was unsuccessful. His painting began to fall off of the wall and within 40-50 years the painting had spots on them. He left Milan when the Duke of Milan was overthrown by The French Invasion. From there he visited Venice for a short period of time. While he was there he had consulted with the Senate on some of his military projects and then went to Mantra. In 1500, Leonardo returned back to Florence.Immediately the Florentine painters of that generation began to follow Leonardo because they were thrilled by his modern methods. They were familiar with the methods in his unfinished artwork of the Adoration of the Magi. Leonardo also served as a military engineer for Cesar Boring in the year 1 502, and he completed the most amounts of projects during this time in Florence than at any time period in his life. In his works of these years he mainly concentrated on portraying the human vitality such as the Mona Lisa. The Mona Lisa is a portrait of a Florentine citizen's young third wife.Her smile in the painting is called mysterious because it represents the process of either appearing or disappearing. Another one of Leonardo fantastic painting was a cavalry battle scene (when soldiers fought on horses) that the city hired him to decorate the newly built Council Hall of the Palazzo Vehicle. The work known for that today is some roughly sketched groups of horsemen, carefully drawn single heads of men, and some copies of the whole thing. He began to paint the artwork but was called to go back to Milan so the work was left uncompleted.A short time after that, the room was remodeled and the piece was destroyed. When Leonardo was called back to Milan he was to work on a statue of a leader riding a horse but he didn't produce any new paintings. Instead he turned more and more to scientific observations. Many of Leonardo scientific concerns were his interests as a painter and, his research in anatomy (structure of a living organism) was the most developed. Leonardo produced the earliest anatomical drawing that is still followed to this day.Leonardo filled a scientific Journal with data and drawings that revealed his scientific interests such as firearms, the action of water, the flight of birds, growth of plants and geology (study of earth). All of his interests had to do with process of action, movement, pressure, and growth. It is said that his drawing of the human body are less about how bodies are and more about how they work. In 1513 Leonardo went to Rome and stayed there for 6 years. There he was honored, but he then became inactive especially with his artistic and rich life yet he still continued to wri te in his Journals.Francis I (the French King) invited Leonardo to his court and he received the title for first painter, architect, and mechanic and provided him with a house at Cloud, France. Leonardo died on May 2, 1519. Nasty or not pleasant. My definition of evil would be something deceitful and Leonardo Dad Vinci can be distinguished as a fighter against evil because in his sketches and sculptors of the human anatomy he expressed how the human body works. He portrayed how beautiful the human body can be, where to some people they looked at his art of something profane and evil. Leonardo Da Vinci Different inventions by Leonardo dad Vinci: Armored car – a forerunner to the tank: [pick] Leonardo wrote: â€Å"I shall make covered chariots, which are safe and cannot be assaulted; cars, which fear no great numbers when breaking through the ranks of the enemy and its artillery. Behind them, the infantrymen shall follow, without fearing injury or other impediments. † Leonardo has an idea to sowing panic and destruction among enemy troops with an armored car, which is a forerunner to the tank.The car consists of metal plates and are armored with guns. The car holds 8 men, who would turn cranks to move the heels and also shooting from the cannons. The notes on the drawing (see the picture) show that Leonardo had thought of replacing the men with horses, but he decided to not replace them. The notes Leonardo wrote about this invention can be dated to around 1487.Aerial screw – a forerunner to the helicopter: Leonardo wrote this about the aerial screw: â€Å"I bel ieve that if this screw device is well manufactured, that is, if it is made of linen cloth, the pores of which have been closed with starch, and if the device is promptly reversed, the screw will engage its gear when in the air and it will rise up on high. † The aerial screw is one of Leonardo most famous inventions. The aerial screw has a diameter of 5 meters, made of reed, linen cloth and wire, and it's 4 men who stood on the central platform to control the flying machine.But the invention is still an idea. And nobody has tested the aerial screw in the reality. The idea comes from Leonardo first period in Milan and is dated between 1483 and 1486. It belongs to the first series of machines designed for flight. He got the idea from a toy (called windmill game), which was popular in Leonardo time. Deep-sea diving suit: The diving suit Leonardo had also invented a deep-sea diving suit. It was made by leather and cane hoses fixed together by leather Joints so the diver can breath e.Inside the Joints it's steel spirals so the diver are protected from the pressure of the water. Without the spirals can't the diver breathe. Leonardo wanted the diver to be dry all the time so he made a coat, trousers and a mask with glass lenses. He invented the diving suit when he was in Venice. He invented it because Venice was threatened by the Turkish fleet. The idea was that one diver should sink at least one of the enemy's ships. [pick] [pick] Cane hoses, leather Joints and a steel spiral inside a Joint Leonardo Da Vinci Leonardo Dad Vinci, he grew up lonely in his birthplace Italy, were his parent's didn't really want a child in the first place. The first thing and best thing that his father did for the young boy was to put him in art school. Even know Dad Vinci was lonely he had the great nature to refer to and drew the earth for hours and hours of the day. Leonardo Dad Vinci was more than Just a painter; he created the types of machines that soldiers could use during the war.Dad Vinci was a vegetarian who loved pets and absolutely despised war, but worked as a military engineer and invent unique war machines to destroy the cities or countries. This bold young gentlemen contrived appliances and real life looking paintings that follow you were ever you go. During the 15th and 16th centuries men began to revive the arts and the sciences which had almost been forgotten during the middle ages. This period in history is called the renaissance. One of the greatest men of the renaissance was Leonardo did seer Piper dad Vinci. Vinci was born on April. 5th, 1452, in a small town called Michigan, which was near Vinci. Vinci was a unique boy with lots of intelligent and when he was young he used to admire the outside world and drew rocks and trees for his entertainment. Even though he was a lonely kid and an only child, he seemed smarter than the other kids that lived near him. Vinci had parent's but they broke up after his birth, after they separated his father raised him. Later on when Vinci was age 1 5 and already mastered the full potential of an artist was sent away by his father, to a man named Andrea del Overarching and was a pupil in his workshop.In 1472, working with del Overarching, Dad Vinci was obtained into the painter's guild of Florence. Vinci worked with Overarching for 10 years and humiliated Overarching so many times he quit being a painter, which was astounding because only so many students humiliate their own master. As this young teen growing up he never lost the in terest or his reputation as an artist but His interest in painting led him to study anatomy, the science of light and vision, the growth and structure of plants, and other subjects which would help him in his art.Later on down the road when Vine's career started to gain, he was charged with sodomy's, later the charges were dropped but he was humiliated when he was not hoses to be hired to paint the Sistine Chapel. Dad Vinci was going back and forth place to place going back to Florence for the second time to serve Cesar Barrio in 1502. In 1512 Leonardo went to Rome where the new pope was one of the Medics, his patron family. Dad Vinci did not remain too long in Rome but went instead back to Milan to prepare for the arrival of the King of France.In 1516 he left for France at the invitation of King Francis the first. While living in France he received a castle of Cloud and some money to live on. Leonardo spent his last two and a half years there. He painted a bit, but one of his hands was now slightly paralyzed because of a stroke. Leonardo Dad Vinci died in 1519 at age of 67 and was buried at Ambrose near his castle. He has become known as a true example of the Renaissance man because Leonardo was interested in almost everything. (http://www. Dovetailing. Com/ index. HTML) Leonardo had lots of students while he was alive but one student hanged out than the rest he taught than later adopted a child named Giant Giaconda Capacitor dad Reno, which he nicknamed the boy Salami which is also referred to as little Satan. Vinci eased the ten year old boy with extra care. He was odd, and used to destroy most of his work. Giant was named Salami because he would steal from Dad Vinci and steal from other people to as well. In the first year with Vinci, Salami was given a cloak, six shirts, three doublets and twenty four pairs of shoes.Even after all that he kept stealing, so Dad Vinci had to keep an eye on him the whole time they were in public. Giant showed some great work in painting but didn't become a painter. Vinci taught him some skills but always had to clean up Giant's paintings. (http://www. Lardier. Org. NZ/Leonardo/ alai. HTML) Dad Vinci painted so many real live looking people in his painting; it's incredible to think about back in the 1 5th and 16th century. One of Leonardo first paintings was with Andrea del Overarching and they drew the Baptism of Christ.Overarching told Vinci to paint the knelling angel and Vinci did a better Job than his own master. During his lifetime he has painted so many pictures that have been amazing. Some great works that Leonardo has painted were The Last Supper, when Leonardo remained in Milan for 17 years during which time he painted the famous Last Supper and completed a 6 foot model of the Oxfords statue. In 1499 French troops invaded Milan and Leonardo was unharmed, he fled to Venice. In a later invasion by the French, the model of the Oxfords statue was broken up, and there is no record of it besides for Leonardo sketches.Another Painting that Leonardo did back in Florence was one of his famous paintings La Giaconda which is more commonly known as the Mona Lisa. Madonna Lisa, the wife of a Florentine merchant. Leonardo worked on the painting for four years. â€Å"The poet ranks far below the painter in the representation of visible wings, and far below the musician in that of invisible things. † (http://www. Leonardo- dad-Vinci-biography. Com/quotes. HTML) Leonardo Dad Vinci painted tons but he also made military weapons and helped out.Many of his weapons were very helpful for the war and some are even still used today. Some weapons that Vinci came up with was his helicopter, first ever designed helicopter that was also referred to as Arial Screw, Leonardo felt that men could operate it by pushing the four parts to rotate the propeller. One of the inventions that he made, that we still used today is a parachute. One of the most known inventions Dad Vinci came up with was the glider he made with no engine, which could keep itself up from the wind currents. Once you have tasted flight, you will forever walk the earth with your eyes turned skyward, for there you have been, and there you will always long to return†. (http://www. Goodness. Com/quotes/5504-once- you-have-tasted-flight-you-will-forever-walk-the) Leonardo even came up with the first armored car that was designed as a cone shaped top for all the bullets to ricochet off of the armored car. Leonardo made so many other inventions to, he even invented the first crane, scuba diving suit, and he was so interested in the study of light and vision.He understood the principle which causes light to cast an image upside down on a screen Just like our cameras now. Dad Vinci helped out so much in his life time; he was a lonely man but dedicated his life time work to art, inventions and became one of the most genuine and one of the most popular people ever known. Without him the world wouldn't be the s ame today. He could build and draw the types of war machines with his imagination and could bring ideas and make them to life. Leonardo da vinci Leonardo dad Vinci Leonardo dad Vinci was born on April 15th in 1452 in Vinci, Italy. He was born out of wedlock and taken from his pheasant mother at the age of five years old. His father was Pierre dad Vinci, who was a legal specialist and married into a wealthy family soon after. He was sent to live with his grandparent's, where he was given little formal education. At age fourteen he was apprenticing under the famous artist Overarching. Leonardo never married and formed very few close relationships throughout his bedtime.Although it is said he was a very kind and sympathetic person. Not only was Leonardo one of the most important artists of the Italian Renaissance, but also a mathematician, inventor, musician, and a writer. Records of his detailed notebooks he possessed reveal that his interests spanned far beyond Just paintings. This man's extraordinary genius was not only given to the world of art, but that of astronomy, anatomy, botany, geology, optics and math. It is also rep orted that he was talented in he musical world, playing the lute.One of Leonardo greatest contributions to painting was his introduction to the idea of suffuse, which essentially meaner â€Å"Smokey'. Alt is a way of producing atmospheric perspective in paintings. Leonardo became a master artist in the Guild of Saint Luke by the age of twenty, shortly after he moved to Milan to open his own workshop and started taking orders from wealthy patrons. His greatest work while in Milan was his painting named The Last Supper. This was a slow inch by inch process because of the condition of the work is so poor.Being an experimenter, Leonardo painted on dry plaster with an oil and tempura mixture. It began peeling almost immediately after. During the early sass's dad Vinci began painting the Mona Lisa, which is one of his most important works and still today one of the world's most famous paintings. This piece of art continues to consistently fascinate people in today's society. It is said t hat it took him four years to omelet this painting. Not only was Leonardo a Renaissance man but he also made many great contributions to the world of science.Leonardo went to Rome in 1513 to work for Pope Leo the 10th. He stayed for about three years, all while practicing dissections and laid the foundation for human anatomy. He also spent his last few years of life working for the King of France as well as other members of the French nobility. Leonardo died on May 2nd 1519. Leonardo dad Vinci is deservedly one of story most famous painters, one of the greatest naturalists who ever lived, and is someone we continue to admire today. Leonardo da Vinci Leonardo dad Vinci is a Renaissance Man because he excelled in a wide variety of activities. He was a painter, scientist, architect, engineer, and many more. He valued nature's mysteries in awe. He had the power of intellect – he could be the master of anything he turned his mind to. He was handsome and strong and these qualities were also seen through his painting. Dad Vinci was an illegitimate child and they were a poor family. Illegitimacy hindered him from certain things like inheriting property, taking his father's name, certain professions & guilds.He had no real place & he was kept away from people of a different social status. He was accused of sodomy's. He wasn't chosen as one of the artists to paint the Sistine Chapel in Rome. These challenges ignited a passion in his heart to push beyond all obstacles and expectations in order to break free from the illegitimacy and low social class. Since dad Vinci wanted to break free from illegitimacy and low social class, he ha d to have a code of survival and success. He knew that his hope rests in his talent; therefore, he had to excel in it.So when they moved to Florence, his father sent him to Andrea De Overreach, a Florentine artist, who gave dad Vinci the experience needed to get into a guild. During these times were when dad Vinci realized the powerful connection between art and power. The Medici were a big influence as the powerful patrons of the arts. Dad Vinci learned all he can in order to excel more. As reflected in his notebooks, â€Å"A painter must develop all skills† and doing one thing well, isn't enough; a person should excel in different activities.In Overreach's workshop, he not only learned to paint but he also learned engineering & mechanical training, painting on ceramic, and sculpture in bronze or marble. He loved to observe nature and he believed that only through experimentation can we truly know anything. He always presented himself in a manner which showed him as handsome & strong and therefore immediately likeable. He always pushed himself beyond expectations & if something hinders him from his goal, he finds another way to achieve it. His code as to never be limited by what has been done before or what others might think.He pushed himself to the limits with his imaginative mind and endless stream of ideas. It was important that he followed his code of survival and success so that he could break free from illegitimacy & be a successful person in the time of Renaissance. If he followed his code, he would become one of the most valued people at that time because it was a period when art was closely related to power. His code pushed him to tackle more ideas, like his cannons, catapults, & ladders. He had the amazing ability to capture motion & emotion in his paintings and drawings which put him above others.As previously stated, he had the ability of being the master of anything he turned his mind to, which is a result of him following his code. He kn ew that painting was the in road to patronage life but he unfortunately left it behind to pursue other things that interested him more such as engineering & nature. If I were to pick one of dad Vine's masterpieces, I would pick The Lady with the Ermine. I think this painting exemplifies true Renaissance, humanism & Excellence because for me, he Renaissance was a time of excellence and amazing discoveries.In the painting, dad Vinci was able to capture even the smallest details of the lady. He was able to paint the wrinkles in her hand, her nails, and the tendon in her hand. He was also able to accurately paint her even if she appears to be looking somewhere distant or not directly at him. He was able to capture her, as well as the ermine's, emotion & thoughts and put it to paper. For me, his ability to do that really showed how the Renaissance time was a period of great art and excellence. Leonardo Da Vinci Leonardo dad Vinci â€Å"The life of an artist† Tiffany Made Union City high school World History January 2010 Leonardo was a really creative man. Leonardo did lots of things during his lifetime. He painted things appealing to him. He also sketched inventions that weren't made until later times. Leonardo wasn't really known in the beginning of his life, but he was really known for his artwork after he died. Leonardo was inspired by many things. He also liked working with lots of things. Leonardo may have also been fascinated by triangles so much he wanted to put them in mostly all of his paintings.The only thing bout his artwork and inventions is that he never finished anything. Leonardo dad Vinci was born on April 15, 1492. Leonardo died on May 2, 1519. He was born in Vinci, Italy. Leonardo didn't exactly finish school, but he did try to finish his schooling in later years. He was buried in San Foresting in Ambrose. He was raised by a single father. He drew lots of plans for things that would end up helping in war. While Leonardo was a child he never learned about love. So as Leonardo grew older he didn't really know how to love anyone.Things people may have realized was that he liked the weirdest things about humans. A kind of interesting thing about him is that he is left handed, but he could also use his right hand. Leonardo could use both of his arms equally. Sometimes he would write down what Jokes and riddles he wanted to share with his friends. One thing Leonardo always did was trying to avoid all the drinking parties. Lots of things inspired him like Paolo Del Bozo Toscanini, a physician and philosopher, investigator of natural phenomena and a mathematician, which inspired him the most out of everything else.Very early he started to use machinery. Soon he became more aware of his knowledge of the principles of physics. He was devoted to studying nature. He also dreamed of the end of the world being very cataclysmic. He philosophized about death. The year of 1476 was very hard for him. The first money check on his account was in March 1478 for 25 florins. Sometimes he would get mad that time was going to fast for him. When he worked with the monks he got a cask of red wine. The arrogance of the intellectual elite who did not like II Magnified and his contemporaries made him very irritated.He also even tried showing he couldn't be recognized in his own city for his efforts. Leonardo never forgot that they refused to recognize his labors. He also knew he could conduct his own research to learn about humanists. He also had and important interview about laws he wrote one day to be used took place at the end of 1482 or at the beginning of 1483. Also, he soon observed that of all the proposals, he laid before the ruler of Milan, was those concerned with innovations that brought up the most interest. To him all the fun and enjoyable times were all strange.At one point he kind of became homeless because he rent any apartments or bu ildings to live in anymore. While he was homeless he learned that Lombard artists met in groups for protection. There as a motto used by Leonardo that said in English â€Å"Love conquers all things,† and in another language that may be Latin it said â€Å"Moor noon cosec Vince. † He also tried doing schooling again for years while he was waiting to leave Via. While he was doing this he wrote a long list of words from the dictionary of Lugging Pulpit's â€Å"Vocalists. † He wrote definitions down in his own words.Leonardo also made lists of nouns and verbs and degrees. He also entered a competition for building a Cathedral building. People realized something about Leonardo because of his technical discoveries gave them the idea he was interested in mechanical inventions. Another thing he was very interested in was construction of houses and churches. Leonardo urged artists to rely entirely on nature. Also, after seeing a theatre he proposed to build a tomb for pr inces. He also may have held lots of scripts with velvet covers in his hands.He remembered one of them to him it was like a whole new world of research. At one time he had and apprentice that was a ten year old named Giaconda, son of Giovanni Pitter Capacitor of Reno. Leonardo was a painter and an inventor, but the only thing about his inventions were was that they were never made until later after he died. In his earliest paintings there was signs he was a very good artist. When Leonardo was about 21 he drew his first landscape. Leonardo did a self-portrait and in it he put every single detail that was on his face like wrinkles and all of that in the portrait.In the very first sketches he ever made the faces were all the same. Somewhere in his drawings he had isosceles triangles in them it didn't really matter they maybe where the arms were bent. Leonardo success began to show when people started imitating his work. A sketch that was found that was made by him in 1478 has been said that it was a sketch for an angels dead. The sketch was probably for the painting he helped Veronica with. In the painting he painted the second angel. He also worked on the theme of god for a while and he looked for the simple types of shepherds he had.On lots of sheets of paper he sketched attitudes and facial gestures of men when a supernatural thing was occurring. During the time Leonardo was making stuff for war he made a memorandum which he handed to Ladylove Sports. In this memorandum he wrote about times of peace and that he had a project and that the project was to make a monument for Francesco Sports. Soon he started realizing that in Milan it was hard life for the artists who live there during that period. He made a list of sketches for himself and at the top he put â€Å"Many flowers drawn from nature. In spring of 1483 the inspiration for him was the natural beauty of everything. He had signed a contract with a fraternity called the Dogma of the Immaculate Conception. Ten years after he signed the contract, which was for pictures, there was a problem and he took it to Imbroglio De Prà ©cis and he sent a petition to Ladylove Sports. Another thing about Imbroglio De Prà ©cis is that he finished some of Leonardo sketches and roundworm for things Leonardo was working on. Leonardo also had sketches of disasters and he put mountain landscapes and rivers rushing between the mountains.His first vehicle could probably only go a few yards. He invented a drum with a wheel trestle because drums were popular back in his period. He also drew tools for moving soil. When he was doing that he invented a machine for handling heavy rocks called a lifting grab. He waited for a reason to use it though. Leonardo was into warfare, so he drew sketches of things he thought they will need. One of the things he sketched was a 3-wheeled gun. The 3-wheeled gun is a Cambridge with a huge screw terminating in gigantic forceps which gripped the gun barrel.Leonardo was devote d to the Job for fixing the problems with machine parts. During this time he also sketched guns. Soon he started sketching even better plans for warfare. Leonardo owed his knowledge of military technique to his careful study witnessed by many extracts in the MS B. In these military times he made methods of construction of very light and strong bridges so that in war you can use them to get the enemies faster and he also knew that he knows how to destroy the bridges as good as he dad them. Leonardo also sketched gangways that could be moved to use on towers.He also said he had methods of destroying forts that are not built on rock. But one thing he didn't have was details on about how to move and stuff like that when rivals came. One thing he represented was an operation of a bomb made with hemp and fish glue and tubes that were going to be attached like spokes to a copper ball filled with a bottle. This was called a collection. During this time one of things he was concerned about a t all times was to make his weapons of very inflammable material. He also made and knew the physical laws on the use and possibilities of explosives.Leonardo made a memorandum and it was filled with strange proposals he made. Another thing he had in mind for war was an armored car. One of his projects he had was made in 1515 in Numerous; the project was a breech-loading gun. While he was doing a study with these things of warfare he discovered something by accident. The thing he discovered was steam. Leonardo drew something that looked like a water vessel connected to a copper tube which was heated by a coal fire. What it did s the water flowed into the red-hot tube and turned into steam, which drove the ball out of the mouth of the tube.This is probably how he discovered steam. Leonardo wrote â€Å"The Architectonic is a copper engine invented by Archimedes, which fires heavy iron balls with great force. † While doing all of these projects and sketches he sketched an apocaly ptic vision. The atmosphere had a peace sense and it was like he wasn't all there while drawing it and what it meant in reality. In years after he studied gun-making he was attracted by general mechanical problems outside of the gun field. For guns he decided to make a wagon. Leonardo also made the pistol, but he made it with the Wheel lock. It became known in the public in 1517.Then they changed the wheel lock to a matchlock until the end of the seventeenth century. The ideas he put in front of the lord of Milan made them not have any confidence about the wagon and guns he sketched and possibly made. Leonardo had lots of paintings he did. All of his paintings aren't finished. In his famous altar piece â€Å"The virgin of the rocks† He studied the nativity scenes and different poses and gestures of the mother and her infant probably in preparation for the main panel. In his drawing of the â€Å"Bennie Madonna† he may have had his stepmother with her first born in her l ap.The â€Å"Bennie Madonna† made other artists want to draw it. So, that's when his success began to show is because everyone started imitating this painting. Leonardo found other ways after to draw the â€Å"Madonna. † Leonardo was about 30 years old when he painted the â€Å"Adoration of the Magi. † He also had a painting called the â€Å"Saint Jerome. † The painting of â€Å"Madonna on the rocks† is suppose to be like a daydream someone has laying down on the ground and looking up at the sky. In it he also drew an equilateral triangle. In the painting of â€Å"Madonna Little† Imbroglio De Prà ©cis colored the clothes that Leonardo helped draw.Leonardo painted a portrait of Cecilia, Ladylove Saffron's daughter, when she was only about 17 years old. Cecilia is the sister of the â€Å"Mona Lisa. † The one reason you may realize that the â€Å"Mona Lisa† isn't done is because she isn't wearing any Jewelry. Cecilia let Isabella detest compare the portrait done by Giovanni Bellini's and she had altered completely because she was a lot younger when Giovanni Bellini's did the first one. His painting of the â€Å"lady with the weasel† was taken over by the Lombard school. The painting of the â€Å"lady with the weasel† Imbroglio De Prà ©cis helped with this one too.One thing found was a pen drawing of the head of Christ. There are seven sketches of â€Å"Saint Jerome in the Desert. † There are about eight sketches for â€Å"Saint Sebastian† There is about four sketches for the later picture of â€Å"Angel of the Annunciation. † There is one completed picture of the â€Å"Madonna. † There is one head of the blessed virgin for the picture of the â€Å"Ascension. † There is one sculpture of â€Å"Crucifixion in relief. † Leonardo drew â€Å"Mount Sepsis† in Ptolemy map of Asia. For a sculpture, the perfect smoothness was all done by him. Also, in a notebook he had instructions for what he wanted everything to look like.The architecture filled his every thought. He was asked to help with the design of the â€Å"Saint Sophia at Constantinople. † He made lots of sketches of this design. He was aware that they preferred the form of the Latin cross. Some people thought Leonardo was kind of weird for wanting to study the senses and stuff about the body. Leonardo began to think about stuff on the human mind understands things. He also thought that signs are the best of all the senses of the human body. But, he was very uncomfortable in the field of abstract thought. Leonardo wrote â€Å"The senses are earthly; the reason stands outside them during contemplation. In the classical school of reason and will he put in those places memory and intellect. He devoted his leisure time to the study of philosophy. But, Leonardo still didn't yet have his intellectual confidence. After reading a book that AFAIK Carbon gave him called â₠¬Å"The perspective communism of John Peacock. † He wrote something after called â€Å"An introduction to perspective, that to say to the function of the eye. † The lenses of the eye were his way into anatomy. He was first to record the phenomena of irradiation. He also made a lamp to help him at night with these studies.Leonardo was very interested in making things, so he decided to make new cities and towns. When he entered a competition for a Cathedral building he thought about making cities out of the soil. Leonardo considered ways of using Ladylove Saffron's life-preserving fear in his plans. He said â€Å"that to have humanity go from capital cities is to build ten towns and have five thousand houses to house more than 30,000 people. While he talked about this he never left out the economic side. He wanted his towns on riverbanks or seashores and he had the Diction in mind.His cities in mind were for the rich and aristocrats. There was going to be two cities right on top of each other. When he wasn't allowed to build the ten new cities he went and invented things to keep foul smells away. Leonardo was many things in his life even if it was mostly art. He was an interesting man with all of things he did like when he went back to school so he could do more since artists weren't known that much. Leonardo did have lots of art sketches that he didn't really have names for, but he still worked on them no matter whatever until he probably got bored with them.He id lots of things for warfare too he invented things we can use today because we put more into what he already had. We also have some of his paintings still around they are in museums all around the world, but he did lots of paintings even though he may not have finished them. Leonardo did like what he did even if people thought it was weird because he still studied some more into the human body. He may have wanted new cities, but that probably was only to make him famous.

Green Banking

Introduction: Deforestation, dissertation, flood, soil erosion, siltation, sedimentation, river bank erosion, increased evaporation, Co2 emissions, rising sea-level, displacement, cyclones, salinization, arsenic contamination are most burning word in the present world. And all words are related natural disaster and climate change. Because, climate change is the most complicated issue the world is facing. Across the globe there have been continuous endeavors to measure and mitigate the risk of climate change caused by human activity.Another name of this attempt is â€Å"Sustainable Development† to us. The process of sustainable development involves all sectors in the economy – Government, NGOs, corporate, citizens and, of course, the financial sector. Our beloved mother land Bangladesh is one most affected country by this climate change. And Bangladesh banking industry is ahead one step from other financial institutions for taking endeavors to measure and mitigate the ri sk of climate change caused by human and banking activity. This activity is familiar in banking industry with title of â€Å"Green Banking†. 1. Green Banking: Green banking in general refers to the efforts of the Banking sector to keep the environment green and to minimize greenhouse effects through rationalizing their strategies, policy, decisions and activities pertaining to banking service, business and in-house operational activities. Green banking may be seen as a component of the global initiative from Banks end to save environment. Green banks or environmentally responsible banks do not only improve their own standards but also affect socially responsible behavior of other business. 1. 2 Rational of the Study:The success of a program like BBA is determined by how successfully the student of this program implemented in the practical life, which they learned from the program. Universities take many steps to make bridge between the academic knowledge and actual business w orld event of BBA students. Bangladesh banking industry is ahead one step from other financial institutions for taking endeavors to measure and mitigate the risk of climate change caused by human and banking activity. In Bangladesh there are many banks to do Green Banking among our domestic banks.The world is now become globalize so we have to sustain in the competitive world. We must take the competitive advantage that’s why we cannot avoid the environment while doing business. That’s why I feel very much interest in Green Banking. And it has another importance to me that is implementation of my educational knowledge and theoretical knowledge to the practical. 1. 3. 2 Specific Objectives: 1. 3. 1 General Objective: 1. 3 Objective of the Study: The objectives of the report are in lies with the objective of Project work.The prime goal of Project work is to provide a theoretical and practical experience to the student and to generate an opportunity to match the theoretic al concepts with real life situation. As stated above to deal with these objectives this report has been primarily divided into two parts. The objectives are: The general objective of this report is to fulfill the partial requirements of the BBA program and making me competent to cope with corporate culture through observing the general banking and remove the gap between practical world and theoretical knowledge.The specific objectives of this report is to I. To get comprehensive knowledge on overall banking industry of Bangladesh. II. To gather comprehensive knowledge on banking functions. III. To get vast knowledge about Green Banking. IV. To learn the major areas and products of Green Banking. V. To learn initiatives for promoting green banking at home and abroad. VI. To identify Green Banking policy. VII. To identify the necessity of Green Banking for Banking Industry. VIII. To identify the steps of Bangladesh Bank for Green Banking. 1. 4 Scope of the Study:We know that Banglade sh is the most preferable playground to play with people life for natural disaster. Deforestation, dissertation, flood, soil erosion, siltation, sedimentation, river bank erosion, increased evaporation, Co2 emissions, rising sea-level, displacement, cyclones, salinization, arsenic contamination are most burning word in the present world. And all these words are related natural disaster and very suitable to accommodate in our country. That’s why, Green Banking open a new era for Bangladesh banking industry to create a positive image, increase market value and contribute for developing the country.In our country Banks’ are the major of welfare driven economy and promoter of balanced growth in a country like Bangladesh which has a poverty stricken contemporary economic background. So Banks’ have a great opportunity to implement their mission, objectives very easily through green banking. By adopting a comprehensive green banking policy, installing new green banking products, considering green banking strategies at time of loan disbursement, developing program for the clients, mass people, and stakeholders to create awareness among them about the environment a bank can easily practice green banking.Bangladesh Bank the central bank of Bangladesh is already placed an order on February 27, 2011for the banking industry. Dhaka Bank Ltd. , Shahjalal Islami Bank, Mutual Trust Bank Ltd. , AB Bank Ltd. , Al-Arafah Islami Bank Ltd. , National Bank Ltd. , Uttara Bank Ltd. , Rupali Bank Ltd. , Jamuna Bank Ltd. , Brac Bank Ltd. , United Commercial Bank Ltd. , Basic Bank Ltd. , along with Islami Bank Bangladesh Ltd. , are famous for practicing green banking in Bangladesh. It is obvious that every study has some limitations. The study I have made is of great importance and require me huge work.While conducting I had to face a number of problems, which called limitations of my report. Those limiting factors that hampered my smooth workings to prepare this rep ort are as follows: * Lack of time: The time period of this study is very short. We had some weeks in my hand to complete this report, which was not enough. So I could not go in depth of the study. * Insufficient data: There is a great lacking of numerical data about green banking. Some desired information could not be collected due to confidentiality of business. *Other limitations: I have lacking of previous experience in this concern. And many practical matters have been written from my own observation that may vary from person to person. 1. 5 Methodology of the study: 1. 5. 1 Methods of data collection: Methodology is the study or theoretical analysis of particular working methods. Adoption of methodology is an important factor in performing any study. If the methodology of the study is properly adopted and the study runs properly according to the methodology, the study is supposed to be successful.The following represents the methodology of the study. * Conceptualization: Conce ptualization is the way of developing concepts about the thesis topic and its related topics and its related matter the study follows a procedural approach in order to get complete picture of concentration of different banks initiatives to green banking in worldwide and in Bangladesh. * Theoretical Framework: This report theoretical framework is focused on the insight of the current process theories and techniques in related to practicing green banking to get sustainability.It emphasizes the green banking policy, green banking strategies, green products and probable key opportunities of the products. And their inter relationship with making the environment green. 1. 5. 2 Sources of Data: * Primary Sources: The â€Å"Primary Sources† are as follows- i. Face-to-face conversation with the respective officers and staffs of the Branch. ii. Informal conversation with the investment clients. * Secondary Sources: The â€Å"Secondary Sources† of data and information are: i. Ann ual Report (Last five years) of different Banks’. ii.Periodicals published by Bangladesh Bank. iii. Various books, articles, compilations etc. regarding green banking functions, and the policies. 1. 5. 3 Data processing and analysis: Collected data and information both from primary and secondary sources were analyzed in the. Raw data from the survey have collected and edited and then classified and edited and then classified according to the objectives. I have used some techniques for the purpose of analysis. These are: * Theoretical analysis * Graphical analysis * Tabular analysis 1. 5. Preparation of the report: Following steps are associated with the preparation of this thesis: I. Representations of the assembled data through graph II. Preparation of the draft report III. Preparation of the final report 1. 5. 5 Flow Chart of the study Methodology: Conceptualization Developing Theoretical Framework Fixing Goals and Objectives Data Collection Primary Data Secondary Data Rela ted Organization Identification of the Potential Problem Data Organization Data Processing, Interpretation and Analysis Findings Recommendations Report PresentationLiterature Review: A comprehensive literature study was done to gain an exact scenario of the present status of green banking. During the literature survey relevant information was collected from a number of books journals, magazines, reports, government and non-government documents and other printed materials from the concerned financial and non-financial institutions. A very little study was conducted with the intensity of the green banking till today, although green banking is a burning issue and very crucial phenomena for the present world banking industry.Green (1989) revealed that a bank's responsibility extends to Government, customers, shareholders, staff, and the community. Companies do have ethical responsibility, but it is not protected by limited liability from the consequences of their actions. A company's re cord and the perception of its ethics affect its reputation and ensure long-term success or failure. Further, he concluded that as we face increasingly complex and conflicting issues, our commitment to ethical behavior would be tested. Hitt, Keats and DeMarie (1998) identified strategic challenges and discontinuities encountered by firms in 21st century.They analyzed that to build and maintain competitive advantage, requires a new types of organization, leaders for survival and global market leadership. It was concluded that success in 21st century organization would depend on building strategic flexibility like exercising strategic leadership, building dynamic core competencies, focusing and developing human capital, effectively using new manufacturing technologies and implementing new organization structures and culture. Therefore, the responsibility of banks in this scenario should be reviewed so that changes of 21st century can be effectively controlled.There is a strong need fo r re-inventing the role of banks as Jeucken (2001) has compared three world regions Europe (24 banks), North America (6 banks) and Oceania (Japan and Australia; 4 banks) for the period of 1998 to 2000. He analyzed and focused some important differences between regions, countries, and banks with regard to sustainable banking. The methodology was entirely based on studying environmental and annual reports of banks. He concluded that 53 percent of the banks adopt a defensive position towards the environment issue.Still, a large group of banks do not see the role, which they can play a sustainable development. Sahu and Rajasekhar (2005) addressed and analyzed certain questions regarding bank credit to the agricultural sector and impact of the closure of rural bank branches on the provision of credit to agriculture by analyzing the data on the total outstanding credit provided by the scheduled commercial banks to the agricultural sector during the period 1981 to 2000 and concluded that p rofit-oriented norms persuaded commercial banks to neglect the agricultural sector, provision of a credit subsidy reduce the supply of agricultural credit.Lyne, Nielson, and Tierney (2009) evaluated and analyzed10, 000 Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) loans from 1980 to 2000. They found that (MDBs) dramatically increased social lending for health, education, and safety nets after 1985. Yet the great powers’ social policy preferences remained relatively static from 1980 to 2000. This contradicts the conventional view that powerful states control International Organizations (IOs). They argued that highly institutionalized IOs like MDBs require a complete model of possible member-state coalitions encompassing the preferences of all member states—not just major powers.McMichael (2009) questions the Bank's new vision, arguing that ‘new wine in old bottles’ will continue to supply affluence rather than ‘feed the world’ and sustain its agricultu res, especially at a time when land is being commandeered for luxury foods (e. g. the livestock complex, all-season vegetables and fruits) and bio-fuels, neither of which feed the poor. Ironically, the reproduction of poverty remains the Bank's main source of legitimacy. Goyal and Joshi (2011) studied a sample of 19 bank mergers (post liberalization) based on umber of branches and geographical penetration in the market. Apart from financial aspects, they observed some emerging issues like employees’ perception, branch size, customer perception, communication, change management strategies, and human resource management. These issues can be settled when a bank implements certain social and ethical policies. Weber and Remer (2011) described Social Banking as a way of value-driven banking that has a positive social and ecological impact at its heart, as well as its own economic sustainability.Most of the Social Banks came out of the crisis much stronger and bigger than they were before. In addition, none of the Social Banks had to be bailed out with public funds. This increasingly attracts the interest not only of clients searching for safe and sensible ways to deposit their funds but also of conventional banks that begin to understand the potential of a more socially oriented approach towards banking. It is a matter of awareness, which compel us to have some views from a different outlook.Bearing in mind the various functions of a bank and current scenario, now it is high time to understand the role of banks in 21st century. Therefore, this study is conducted to understand the various roles and responsibilities of banks in order to strive more effectively and efficiently against some current issues, which has already attracted the attention of the world. Following are the objectives to uncover the issues: * To understand the various roles and functions of Banks. * To know various emerging issues of 21st century in Banking Industry of India.The synopsis of my report literature review is Green Banking; the focus is on satisfying existing needs in the real economy and the society; also taking into account their social, cultural, ecological, and economic sustainability. In the repercussion of the crisis, many people felt that green banking is more caring for the overall progress of society than traditional and mainstream banking. It is assumed that green banking may provide important lessons for the banking and financial sector to avoid further crises in the future. 2. 1 Nature of the Research: Research is the systematic investigation into existing or new knowledge.It is used to establish or confirm facts, reaffirm the results of previous work, solve new or existing problems, support theorems, or develop new theories. The goal of the research process is to produce new knowledge or deepen understanding of a topic or issue. This process takes three main forms: I. Exploratory Research: An exploratory study is undertaken when not much is kno wn about the situation at hand or no information is available on how similar problem or research issues have been solved in the past. II. Constructive Research: Constructive research tests theories and proposes solutions to a problem or question.III. Empirical research: Empirical research tests the feasibility of a solution using empirical evidence. The literature review of this report is saying us a very little study was conducted with the intensity of the green banking till today, although green banking is a burning issue and very crucial phenomena for the present world banking industry. So, definitely my this report research type is exploratory research because, An exploratory study is undertaken when not much is known about the situation at hand or no information is available on how similar problem or research issues have been solved in the past.Green Banking: Global warming, which is one of the most burning & discussed issues, has the worst impact on the climate of the planet a s a whole. The rapid change in climate will be too great to be adapted by the eco-systems, since the change have already made direct impact on biodiversity, agriculture, forestry, dry land, water resources and human health. As such, issue of global warming calls for a global response. Due to unusual weather pattern, rising greenhouse gas, declining air quality etc. ociety demands that business also take responsibility in safeguarding the planet. The key areas of environmental degradation cover air pollution, water pollution, surface water scarcity, encroachment of rivers, improper disposal of industrial, medical and house-hold waste, deforestation, loss of open space, loss of biodiversity and many other issues. In response to increasing awareness over climate change, environmental degradation, urgent measures for sustainable development have been addressed by some of the stake holders all over the world.Banking system hold a unique position in an economy that can affect production, business and other economic activities through their procedure for financing activities which would in turn contribute to protect environment/climate from pollution. Moreover, efficiency in energy use, water consumption and waste reduction may significantly contribute for operating cost of many of the large banks of the country.Projects/Businesses those include waste prevention and resource efficiency systems in a wide range of sectors including community, commercial and business organizations – such as shopping centers, regional airports, hospitals, construction, farms, a university, public organizations, and educational organizations are receiving enhanced attention these days. Green finance as a part of Green Banking makes great contribution to the transition to resource-efficient and low carbon industries i. e. Green industry and green economy in general.Green banking is a component of the global initiative by a group of stakeholders to save the climate/ environment. Gree n banks or environmentally responsible banks do not only improve their own standards but also affect socially responsible behavior of other businesses. 3. 2 Why Green Banking: 3. 1 What is Green Banking: * * Green Bank means * An ethical bank * A socially responsible bank * A sustainable bank. * Green Banking is to support: * Innovative green products * Activities those are not hazardous to environment and help conserve environment. To help safeguard the planet from * unusual weather pattern; * rising greenhouse gas; * Declining air quality. * For ensuring green economic growth: economic growth which is sustainable. * To meet one of the Millennium Development Goals: Ensure Environmental Sustainability. 3. 3 Definitions of Green Banking: 3. 3. 2 The Broad focus: 3. 3. 1 In general focus: Green Banking is like a normal bank' which considers the entire social and environmental factors; it is also called as an ethical bank' Ethical banks have started with the aim of protecting the envir onment.Green banking refers to the efforts of the Banking sector to keep the environment green and to minimize greenhouse effects through rationalizing their strategies, policy, decisions and activities pertaining to banking service, business and in-house operational activities. Green banking may be seen as a component of the global initiative from Banks end to save environment. Green banks or environmentally responsible banks do not only improve their own standards but also affect socially responsible behavior of other business. Green banking can benefit the environment either by reducing the carbon footprint of consumers or banks.Either works, some with paper. Either a bank o (a consumer can conserve paper and benefit the environment. Ideally, a green banking initiative will involve both. Online banking is an example of this. When a bank’s customers go online, the environmental benefits work both ways. Green banking means combining operational improvements and technology, a nd changing client habits. 3. 3. 3 The definitions derived from specialists: * Sherman stresses (Key Differentiator of Green Choice Bank, Chicago): â€Å"With green banking, what sets leaders apart from the rest is†¦ ow you invest back in the community, so we are trying to develop loan products and deposit products that reward good environmental choices * Todd Larson (Community investing guide, green America): â€Å"a green bank is a logical extension of -socially responsible investing. † * Sherman Stresses, (Key Differentiator of Green Choice Bank, Chicago): â€Å"With green banking, what sets leaders apart from the rest are†¦ how you invest back in the community, so we’re trying to develop loan products and deposit products that reward good environmental choices†. Todd Larson (Community investing guide, green America): â€Å"A green bank is a logical extension of socially responsible investing. † * Justin Pritchard (columnist, about com): â⠂¬Å"Green Bank is a bank focusing on sustainability. It is bank like others but they are to claim the â€Å"green banking† niche, and they hope to excel by serving companies and individuals interested in green business. For the most part, the bank will work with businesses that find ways to do more and use less†. * Pravakar Shahoo (Author, Green Banking in India): The banks should go green and play a pro-active role to take environmental and ecological aspects as part of their lending principle, which would force industries to go for mandated investment for environmental management, use of appropriate technologies and management systems†. * Geoff Green wade, President and CEO, Green Bank (Houston): â€Å"Green banking means combining operational improvements and technology, and changing client habits†. * Stacy Ayiers (Author, Green banking-a new resource bank): â€Å"Specific banks designed to aid environmentally-conscious businesses and consumers with bet ter incentives and loan rates.Despite the changes in our economic system in business caused by the housing market, these banks are willing to work with companies who want to empower sustainability†. 3. 4 Conceptual derivation of Green Banking: : Americans are starting to turn to eco-friendly banking as a way to help reduce the carbon footprint from their normal banking activities. This movement away from branch and paper banking is being led by green banks that believe in social responsibility. The discussion around environmental management in financial institutions has until now largely taken place in industrialized countries.However, in view of the financial globalization and ever increasing environ-mental regulations, many financial institutions operating in developing and emerging countries are pressed to better manage risks arising from environmental liabilities. Besides credit and market risks, damage to an institution’s reputation often represents an important dr iver for international banks. Domestic players – including microfinance institutions may have different incentives, among others to contribute to local development, but they play an equally important role.Empirical research since 1990 concluded that banks were not interested in their own environmental situation or that of their clients. We are witnessing certain changes and growing awareness in the field of financial sector like; environmental investment funds, loans, green banking, global banking, rural banking, agri-banking, social banking and ethical banking. * Social Banking: In Social Banking, the focus is on satisfying existing needs in the real economy and the society; also taking into account their social, cultural, ecological, and economic sustainability.In the repercussion of the crisis, many people felt that social banking is more caring for the overall progress of society than traditional and mainstream banking. It is assumed that social banking may provide import ant lessons for the banking and financial sector to avoid further crises in the future. According to Institute for Social Banking, â€Å"Social Banking describes the provision of banking and financial services that consequently pursue, as their main objective, a positive contribution to the potential of all human beings to develop, today and in the future†.Benedikter (2011) defines Social Banks as â€Å"banks with a conscience†. They focus on investing in community, providing opportunities for the disadvantaged, and supporting social, environmental, and ethical agendas. Social banks try to invest their money only in endeavors that promote the greater good of society, instead of those, which generate private profit just for a few. He has also explained the main difference between mainstream banks and social banks that mainstream banks are in most cases focused solely on the principle of profit maximization whereas, social banking implements the triple principle of profi t-people-planet.Social banks care about making a profit, but equally for promoting human and environmental well-being. It is this triple principle that they follow when they decide to whom to lend money, and for what purpose. It means that social banks consider social and economic â€Å"sustainability† when making financial decisions. â€Å"Sustainable† investments and lending practices are ones that produce a better quality of life for the greatest possible amount of people, and whose effects endure over time and continue to produce a multiplicity of positive effects long after the initial investment.Now-a-days, social banks are becoming cultural power as social banking includes the concepts of humane and humanist in financial activities. * Ethical Banking: The Cooperative Bank (UK) offers its customers home energy rating on purchases of consumer durables. The purpose is to enable them to better understand how energy efficient a property is and how to make improvement s. Moreover, bank's mortgages include carbon-offset features. Every year that a customer holds a mortgage, the bank offsets a fifth of the carbon dioxide emissions arising from a typical household's energy consumption.Following customer consultation in 2003, offset money were used for reforestation in Uganda, a Bangladesh project that trains local people to build energy efficient stoves and a Bulgaria project supporting micro-hydro electricity generation. Citizens Bank (Canada) allows its customers to choose between a variety of VISA cards that benefit Oxfam Canada, Amnesty International or their philanthropic Shared Interest program by donating $0. 10 to not-for-profit initiatives worldwide every time their VISA card is used. This enabled Citizens Bank to donate thousands of dollars to Doctors.These are only a few of the wide range of services available at different ethical banks. * Agri-Banking Alston (2004) argued that international and national events like globalization, interna tional policy manipulations such as the US farm bill, and national policy, are having a major impact on agricultural production in Australia. It is more likely that these issues are acting to continue and exacerbate a trend towards reduced viability for farm families evident in economic and social trends since at least the 1950s.It was further argued that social aspects of agricultural production in Australia noting social trends and drawing attention to the changing social relations of agriculture. It was concluded that there is dominance of farm families, the role of corporate agriculture, ethnic diversity, the importance of women, and the practice of farm transfers. Punjab National Bank’s (PNB) Corporate Social Responsibility Report (2010) shows that agriculture and farmer’s related initiatives are taken by PNB increased lending to agriculture, weaker sectors and women; which results in impacting their lives through income generation.Moreover, the report shows that the Bank has established two trusts viz. , PNB Farmers Welfare Trust and PNB Centenary Rural Development Trust. These trusts are involved in running training centers which imparts training in farming and also other non-farm activities. PNB Farmers’ Welfare Trust was established in the year 2000 for welfare of the farmers, women and youth in rural areas. Under the aegis of the Trust, 8 Farmers’ Training Centers (FTCs) have been made operational at villages.Apart from this Mobile Van is being used at FTC Sacha Khera for providing off-site training on improved package & practices of agricultural crops & allied activities, soil testing and Jatropha cultivation. In addition, the van is acting as an information kiosk. * Rural Banking: Ramachandran and Swaminathan (2002) examined the effect of financial sector reform on rural banking and rural credit transactions in India. They reviewed the trends in selected indicators of rural banking at the national level over the last 30 years.Moreover, they used longitudinal data for a village in Tamil Nadu to examine changes in patterns of indebtedness and credit transactions among landless labor households. They concluded that the exploitation of landless labor households in the credit market has intensified with the introduction of financial reforms and lastly, the policy was envisaged as an alternative to the formal credit sector in the countryside. Burgess and Pande (2005) evaluated the impact of a large state-led bank branch expansion program in India on rural poverty between 1977 and 1990.They used deviations and regression analysis and found that branch expansion into rural unbanked locations in India significantly reduced rural poverty. * Global Banking: Miller, S. R. and Parkhe, A. (2002) conducted empirical test of the liability of foreignness in the global banking industry, using Fitch–IBCA Bank Scope data for the period 1989–96 and their findings strongly support the liability of foreignn ess hypothesis. Further, the data showed some evidence that the X-efficiency of a foreign-owned bank is strongly influenced by the competitiveness of its home country and the host country in which it operates.Moreover, it was found that in some environments U. S. -owned banks is more X-efficient than other foreign-owned banks in some environments, but less X-efficient in others. Mathur, N. D. (2009) has identified a visible trend that growing integration of economies and the markets around the world is making global banking a reality. The use of Internet banking has widened frontiers of Global Banking and it is now possible to market financial products and services on a global basis. Like other industries, banking has become more global. Banking stands out, however, in its legal form and reliance on cross border positions.Banks run special risks in lending abroad. McCauley, McGuire and Peter (2010) have shown that some banking systems are international in their organization while ot hers are multinational, and that the multinational model can be operated with a greater or lesser degree of centralization. While much work remains to be done in assessing the performance of various banking models during the crisis, it does appear that local assets proved more stable under stress. Cross-border claims and liabilities proved less stable. These findings hold even if account is taken of the series break represented by US securities irms becoming reporting banks, exchange rate changes and distortions from mergers and acquisitions, some of which resulted from the crisis itself. * Other Issues: Banks, usually take help of various Information Technology (IT) based channels to provide their banking and other services. For this purpose, they are in need to provide continuous and frequent information about their services. We can use IT as a strong means to fulfill our objectives social and ethical banking. The IT based banking services are as follows: Mobile Banking is a new a nd emerging concept.Large numbers of people are still not aware about usage of mobile banking. In this, one's mobile phone is used to conduct banking transactions. The popularity of Online Banking is significantly increasing day by day. It is a term used for performing various transactions, payments, and account statements etc. with the help of Internet. Relationship Managers, mostly for private banking or business banking, often visit customers at their homes or businesses. Video banking is a term used for performing banking transactions or professional banking consultations via a remote video and audio connection.Video banking can be performed via purpose built banking transaction machines (similar to an Automated teller machine), or via a Video conference enabled bank branch clarification. * 3. 4. 1 Flow Chart of conceptual derivation of Green Banking: Green Banking: There are some major concerns about environmental issues. Therefore, organization need to pay attention to their o utputs whether they are violating environmental issues or not. At Triodos Bank, it is believed that profit should not be earned at the expense of the world's most pressing environmental problems.That is why they finance organizations from organic food and farming businesses and pioneering renewable energy enterprises, to recycling companies and nature conservation projects. Citizens Bank of Canada has lowered its interest rate on loans for carbon emission cars. These kinds of efforts will surely motivate other banks to promote green banking and consequently in long run environmental issues can be resolved. Agri Banking Rural Banking Global Banking Social Banking Ethical Banking Other Issues Green Banking 3. 4. 2 Green Banking: A New Eco-Friendly Concept in Banking Arena:Green banking is a component of the global initiative by a group of stakeholders to save environment where, sustainable development has emerged as a new paradigm of development in response to the current discourse of development that over-exploits natural environment for economic prosperity. The sustainable development can best be achieved by allowing markets to work within an appropriate framework of cost efficient regulations and economic instruments. One of the major economic agents influencing overall industrial activity and economic growth is the financial institutions such as banking sector.The banking sector influences the economic growth and development in terms of both quality and quantity, there by changing the nature of economic growth. Banking sector is one of the major sources of financing investment for commercial projects which is one of the most important economic activities for economic growth. Therefore, banking sector can play a crucial role in promoting environmentally sustainable and socially responsible investment (SRI). Banks may not be the polluters themselves but they will probably have a banking relationship with some companies/investment projects that are polluters or could be in future.Banking sector is generally considered as environmental friendly in terms of emissions and pollutions. Internal environmental impact of the banking sector such as use of energy, paper and water are relatively low and clean. Environmental impact of banks is not physically related to their banking activities but with the customer’s activities. Therefore, environmental impact of bank’s external activity is huge though difficult to estimate. Moreover, environment management in the banking business is like risk management.It increases the enterprise value and lowers loss ratio as higher quality loan portfolio results in higher earnings. Thus, encouraging environmentally responsible investments and prudent lending should be one of the responsibilities of the banking sector. Further, those industries which have already become green and those, which are making serious attempts to grow green, should be accorded priority to lending by the banks. This method o f finance can be called as â€Å"Green Banking†, an effort by the banks to make the industries grow green and in the process restore the natural environment.This concept of â€Å"Green Banking† will be mutually beneficial to the banks, industries and the economy. Not only â€Å"Green Banking† will ensure the greening of the industries but it will also facilitate in improving the asset quality of the banks in future. Internationally, there is a growing concern about the role of banking and institutional investors for environmentally responsible/socially responsible investment projects. Banking and other financial institutions are more effective towards achieving this goal for the kind of intermediary role they play in any economy and for their potential reach to the number of investors.Environment is no longer the exclusive concern of the government and the direct polluters, but also the other partners and stake- holders in the business like financial institution s such as banking institutions can play a very important role in fostering linkage between economic development and environmental protection. To substantiate, quality of service, the implementation of environmental conservation measures, support to the deprived section of the society, concern about the quality of life and nature are the basic principles that the financial institutions are relying on in their business strategy in recent years.The banking operation targets a certain long-term rate of return on their credit and investment. Therefore, it is of importance to the banking sector to follow certain environmental evaluation of the projects before financing. There are studies showing positive correlation between environmental performance and financial performance (Hamilton, 1995; Hart, 1995; Blacconiere and Pattern, 1993). Thus, it is imperative for the financial institutions in the present context to consider environmental performance in deciding whether to invest in companie s or advise clients to do so.The formation of different rules for environmental management like resource conservation, clean water act, clean air act, toxic substance control act are also viewed as potentially significant contributor to the recent increase in environmental liability for banking institutions. Adoption of these principles will offer significant benefits to financial institutions, to consumers and also the stakeholders. There have been attempts to adopt sustainable development strategies from various quarters at international level.Multilateral agencies, international consortiums, multilateral financial and development institutions have been advocating for environmental standards and strategies to evaluate investment projects. In the recent years, the international organization for standardization (ISO) has issued series of comprehensive guidelines for incorporating environmental protection and pollution prevention objectives into industrial activity worldwide, known c ollectively as ISO 14000. It would certainly give the much needed impetus for the banking industry to expand the use of environmental information in their credit extension and investment decisions.In this backdrop, the paper aims to discuss the issues of sustainability in Banking and how banks can play a role for sustainable growth and development, particularly in the Bangladesh context. The state of environment in Bangladesh is rapidly deteriorating. The key areas of environmental degradation cover air pollution, water pollution and scarcity, encroachment of rivers, improper disposal of industrial medical and house-hold waste, deforestation, and loss of open space and loss of biodiversity. In addition, Bangladesh is one of the most climate change vulnerable countries.In line with global development and response to the environmental degradation, financial sector in Bangladesh should play important roles as one of the key stake holders. In response to the above, urgent measures are r equired by stake holders for sustainable development and thereby save the planet. Banks hold a unique position in an economic system that can affect production, business and other economic activities through their financing activities and thus may contribute to pollute environment. Moreover, energy and water efficiency and waste reduction are of high concern for many big banks.Green banks or environmentally responsible banks do not only improve their own standards but also affect socially responsible behavior of other business. 3. 4. 4 Green Banking & Environmental Risk Management Interrelationship: 3. 4. 3 Green Banking & Sustainable Growth: Sustainable development meets the need of present generation without compromising the ability of future generation to meet their own needs. The key to sustainable development is to ensure broad-based inclusive economic growth, with: * Promotion of natural resources; Preservation of regenerating capacity of ecological system; * Avoidance of envi ronmental risks on future generations. Banking sector can play an intermediary role between economic development and environmental protection. Green Banking & Environmental Risk Management (ERM) move together to care for: * Environmental problems * Poverty & environment * High consumption patterns * Health and environment * Moral obligation 3. 4. 6 Scope of Green Banking: 3. 4. 5 Purpose of Green Banking:The purpose of Green Banking Policy will be to ensure necessary measures to protect environmental pollution while providing service or financing customers as well as to improve in-house environment management through efficient use of various resources at Head Office, Branches and other link offices. This policy document will be applicable for issues related to Green Banking with respect to activities of the Bank and its customers that have impact on the environment. 3. 4. 7 Benefits of Green Banking: Apart from enrichment of the external environment, Green Banking may also help impr ove the performance of the Bank in the following ways: Basically Ethical (Green) banking avoids as much paper work as possible and rely on online/electronic transactions for processing so that you get green credit cards and green mortgages. Less paperwork means less cutting of trees. * Creating awareness to business people about environmental and social responsibility enabling them to do an environmental friendly business practice. * Green (Ethical) banks adopt and implement environmental standards for lending, which is really a proactive idea that would enable eco-friendly business practices which would benefit our future generations. When you are awarded with a loan, the interest of that loan is comparatively less with normal banks because ethical banks give more importance to environmental friendly factors – ecological gains. Natural resources conservation is also one of the underlying principles in a green bank while assessing capital/operating loans to extracting/industr ial business sector. * Improve the image of the Bank by showing and serving its commitment to the environment. * Significantly reduce operational cost due to less consumption of office stationeries, energy and water. Enhance productivity as well as efficiency of the employees through skilled & optimum usage of technology. * Reduce possible health hazards by installing eco-friendly equipments. * Save significant portion of Forestry by reducing paper usage * Lessen emission of Green House Gases (GHGs) through making less corporate travelling through teleconferencing as well as arranging transport pool for the employees. * Help develop customer’s consciousness on environment by arranging awareness development program * Reduce the extent of Non-Performing Loans (NPLs) if investment goes to less risky projectsThe Initiatives for Promoting Green Banking: 4. 1 Ethical Initiatives and Community Involvement: Numerous banks (as well as some conventional banks) create initiates that all ow the banker to contribute to organizations that have positive societal environmental impacts either in the local community or in developing countries. For example the Cooperative Bank (UK) offers customers â€Å"a free Home Energy Rating on all house purchases, enabling them to better understand how energy efficient a property is and how to make improvements. Additionally, all of the bank's mortgages include carbon-offset features.Every year that a customer holds a mortgage the bank offsets a fifth of the carbon dioxide emissions arising from a typical household’s energy consumption following customer consultation 2003 offset monies were used for reforestation in Uganda, a Bangladesh project which trains local people to build energy efficient stoves and a Bulgaria project supporting micro-hydro electricity generation. Whereas the Citizens Bank (Canada) allows its customers to choose between a variety of VISA cards that benefit Oxfam Canada Amnesty International or their ph ilanthropic Shared interest program by donating $0. 0 to non-for-profit initiatives worldwide every time their VISA card is used. This enabled Citizens Bank to donate $24,800 to Doctors without Borders/ Medicines Sans Frontiers in 2007. These are only a few of the wide range of services available at different ethical banks. Many also have lower interest loans for low emission cars (ex. of low emission car initiative put forth by citizens Bank). Ethical banks excel in community involvement, as do other financial instructions such as credit unions. Community involvement is not limited to ethical banks as conventional banks also partake in such actions.The following are a few examples of community involvement done by ethical banks, credit unions, and conventional banks: * Affordable housing projects (ex. Van city ; Citizens bank) * Many banks/credit unions try to increase financial literacy and consciousness for environment in the community * Financially support community events (for e x. each year TD Canada trust donates to a local cause). The role of Green banking in Environmental Management. The world has seen much focus on economic progress and mankind has made giant steps in its journey through time.The side effects of the development process have’ however, also been equally enormous-loss of biodiversity' climatic change' environmental damage, etc. Social issues such as, poverty alleviation have also become more important as the world has progressed economically’ Banks play an important role in development of an economy. The economic reforms totally have changed the banking sector. The banking sector forming a portion of the financial sector primarily works as a financial intermediary generating money supply.The banks should go green and play a pro-active role to take environmental and ecological aspects as part of their lending principle, which would force industries to go for mandated investment for environmental management' use of appropriate technologies and management systems. Banks that are serious about sustainable development put principles at the heart of decision-making' Fundamental issues such as how deals are done and loans are made, in searching proactively for opportunities and even in establishing and adhering to policy frameworks that deliberately preclude involvement in certain investments.For example, an investment in a factory that pollutes heavily (and passes on the costs to the society at large) will generally have a higher financial rate of return than a factory that invests in expensive pollution control technology' as a result showing a lower rate of return. A Green Banking movement such as less paper is good for the environment where Customers make paper less deposits, withdrawals and remittances. Going green through I. No paper statements (statements and charges summaries will be delivered electronically Via Internet Banking) II.Fewer letters to open (Bank will call or email us for service reasons wherever possible rather than write to us) III. No cheque book or paying-in book for our current account. IV. No paper-based marketing. The Bank can concentrate on Nature and environment by projects in the field of renewable energy (wind energy & hydro-electric projects), organic agriculture across the entire value chain including health food shops and environment technology such as recycling companies and nature conservation projects.As environmental issues gain greater attention, pressures are being placed on all industries, including financial services, to implement â€Å"green† initiatives. Like Resource conservation through cash recycling, double-sided statement print-outs’ electro mobility. 4. 2 International Initiatives for Green Banking: The financial sector’s glowing adherence to environmental management system is attributed to the direct and indirect pressures from international and local Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), multilateral agencies an d in some cases the market through consumers.In the early 1990s, the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) launched what is now known as the UNEP Finance initiative (UNEPFI). Some 200 financial institutions around the globe are signatories of this initiative statement to promote sustainable development living the framework of market mechanisms toward common environmental goals. The objective is to integrate the environmental and social dimension to the financial performance and risk associated with it in the financial sector.As the commitment of this UNEPFI statement goes, sustainable development is regarded basic to the sound business management. It advocates for a precautionary approach towards environmental management and suggests integrating environmental considerations into the regular business operations, asset management, and other business decisions of the banks. IFC's environmental unit was established in 1991 for reviewing each project for environmental assessment.Simi larly, the US Export-Import Bank regularly reviews while financing exports on the ground whether they are environmentally sound. It will be noteworthy to mention that Netherland-based ABN-Amro bank has developed certain Reputational Risk Management (RRM) policies to identify, asses and mange non-financial present within it business engagements- Similarly, some of the big international banks like ABN Amro, Deutsche, Standard Chartered, HSBC Bank etc. look at environment issues discussed under Kyoto Protocol.Going further, the Dutch Government has made a formal request to barks in achieving sustainable development. The dialogue between banks and government was established in 1999 to initiate policies for environmental improvements through the development of new financial products and services. Similarly, Earth (FOE) and the Rainforest Action Network (RAN) challenged the industry with high-profile campaign that highlighted cases in which commercial banks were -bankrolling disasters in 2000 in the US.In 2002, a global coalition of NGOs formed a network named Bank Tract’ to promote sustainable finance in the commercial sector. This coalition came up with a resolution constituting six principles promoting environmental protection and social justice by banks and this is popularly known as â€Å"Collevecchio Declaration†. The six principles that this declaration advocated included commitments to sustainability no-harm responsibility, accountability, transparency and sustainable market, and governance.More than 200 organizations have endorsed this declaration and urged the banks to incorporate these commitments into their business operation The declaration states that -Finance and Commerce has been at the center of a historic detachment between the world's natural resource base, production and consumption. As we reach the boundaries of ecological boundaries of the ecological limit upon which all commerce relies, the financial sector should take its share of responsibility for reversing the effects this detachment has produced.All these concerns for sustainable finance or green finance have compelled the banking institutions to devise a common and coherent set of environmental and social policies and guidelines that can be used to evaluate the projects. A small group of banks along with IFC carne together to initiate the process of designing the common guidelines in October 2002 and came up with a guidelines in June 2003 that is known as Equator Principles with 10 leading commercial banks adopting these voluntary set of principles.This equator principle was subsequently updated and the new revised sets of principles are hunched in July 2006. The coverage of projects being financed is expanded in this revised set of principles by lowering the finance threshold from $50 million to $10 million presently 46 financial institutions from 16 countries with business operation in more than 100 countries have embraced this equator principle, So this principle has become a common standard of project finance that imported environmental and social issues in project finance.The activities of the equator banks (banks adopting equator principles) are being reviewed by NGOs worldwide and are being published whenever it is realized that they are not committed to Equator Principle. IFC along with the Financial Times has initiated Sustainable Banking Award' since 2006. More than 104 financial institutions out of 151 entries from 51 countries have made it to the final lists of award 2007. The number of banks applying was up by more than 100 percent compared to the previous year’s 48 banks from 28 countries.All the international initiatives towards integrating environmental concerns into business operation of banks are voluntary in nature and are meant to a common good of a better ecosystem Voluntary commitment has its own shortcoming in a competitive market. Unless the market for green money will increase, the lenders will al ways have an incentive to increase their social commitment and prioritize the commercial interest in the short run. So demand for green money is a precondition of green banking if it will be voluntary.A Government legislation that makes banks accountable for the misdeeds of their clients will help promotes green banking. 4. 2. 1 Global initiatives: Durban Climate Conference: Governments agreed to adopt a universal legal agreement on climate change by 2015. Key Decisions: * Green Climate Fund to be made available to developing countries by 2012. * Adaptive capacities of the poorest and most vulnerable countries to be strengthened. * Technology Mechanism to become fully operational by 2012. * Web-based registration of developing country mitigation actions seeking financial support. . 3 Domestic Initiatives for Green Banking: : Though be late, Bangladesh is now aware that global warming is an issue that calls for a global response. The rapid change in climate will be too great to allow many eco-systems to suitably adapt, since the change have direct impact on biodiversity, agriculture, forestry, dry land, water resources and human health. Due to unusual weather pattern, rising greenhouse gas, declining air quality etc. society demands that business also take responsibility in safeguarding the planet.Green finance as a part of Green Banking makes great contribution to the transition to resource-efficient and low carbon industries i. e. green industry and green economy in general. Green banking is a component of the global initiative by a group of stakeholders to save environment. The state of environment in Bangladesh is rapidly deteriorating. The key areas of environmental degradation cover air pollution, water pollution and scarcity, encroachment of rivers, improper disposal of industrial medical and house-hold waste, deforestation and loss of open spaces and loss of biodiversity.In addition, Bangladesh is one of the most climate change vulnerable countries. In line with global ; development and response to the environmental degradation, financial sector in Bangladesh can play important roles as one of the key stake holders. In response to the above, urgent measures are required by stakeholders for sustainable development and thereby save the planet. Banks hold a unique position in an economic system that can affect production, business and other economic activities though their financing activities and thus may contribute to protect environment.Moreover, energy and water efficiency and waste reduction are of high concern for many big banks- Green banks or environmentally responsible banks do not only improve their own standards but also affect socially responsible behavior of other business. 4. 3. 1 Bangladesh Bank's Earlier Initiatives: Bangladesh Bank (BB) is well aware of the environmental degradation situation as mentioned above and has already given time to time directions to all scheduled banks.Commercial Banks are now required to e nsure necessary measures to protect environmental pollution while financing a new project or providing working capital to the existing enterprises. Banks have been advised to facilitate their clients with utmost care in opening Letter of Credit (L/C) for installation of Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP) in the industrial units. Banks have been advised to finance in Solar Energy, Bio-gas, ETP and Hybrid Hoffman Kiln (HHK) in brick field under refinance program of BB.A comprehensive guideline on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has been issued where banks have been asked to concentrate hard on linking CSR at their highest corporate level for ingraining environmentally and socially responsible practices and engaging with borrowers in scrutiny of the environmental and social impacts. Banks have been brought under the purview of E-commerce with a view to providing the customers with online-banking facilities covering payments of utility bills, money transfer and transactions in local c urrency through internet as well.Considering the adverse effects of Climate Change, banks have been advised to be cautious about the adverse impact of natural calamities and encourage the farmers to cultivate salinity resistant crops in the salty areas, water resistant crops in the water locked and flood prone areas, drought resistant crops in the drought prone areas, using surface water instead of underground water for irrigation and also using organic fertilizer, insecticides by natural means instead of using chemical fertilizer and pesticides. 4. 3. 2 Commercial Banks’ Attention to Green Banking:Bangladesh Bank governor urged the chief executive officers of the country’s banks to pay attention to green banking, by investing in energy efficiency and renewable energy projects. Central bank has a fund named -Renewable Energy Fund. Only two banks have so far taken the opportunities offered by the fund. The central bank governor made the request at the launching ceremony of the Environmental Risk management Guidelines. BB urged the banks and financial institutions to keep climate change and environmental considerations as priorities in their activities.The Impact of a deteriorating climate on financial institutions and business enterprise have driven the creation of the Environmental Risk Management Guidelines, encouraging banks and FIs to adopt risk management practices to safe guard against these inevitable environmental concerns. Detailed guidelines on green banking were Issued on February 27,2011 in which banks have been advised to give more emphasis to help environment by eliminating paper uses saving gas and carbon emissions, and reducing printing costs and postage expenses.Banks shall comply with the instructions stipulated in the detailed guidelines on Environmental Risk Management in consideration of a part of the Green Banking Policy. The comprehensive guidelines were developed by Bangladesh Bank in collaboration with IFC and with input f rom Bankers Association of Bangladesh and financial sector stakeholders and have been issued to all financial institutions in the country. The Major Area & Products of Green Banking 5. 1 The Major Areas of Green Banking: : Green banking can benefit the environment either by reducing the carbon footprint of consumers or banks.Either a bank or a consumer can conserve paper and benefit the environment. Ideally, a green banking initiative will involve both. Online banking is an example of this. When a bank’s customers go online, the environmental benefits work both ways. Other examples of what Green Bank Report considers forms of green banking on the consumer side include: * Green Deposits: Banks can offer higher rates on CDs, money market accounts, checking accounts and savings account if customers opt to conduct their banking activities online. Green Checking – converting checking accounts to online banking * Green Money Market Accounts – converting savings accoun ts to online banking * Green CDs – bonus rates for online banking * Green

Tiwanaku Empire - City, Imperial State at Lake Titicaca

Tiwanaku Empire - City, Imperial State at Lake Titicaca The Tiwanaku Empire (also spelled Tiahuanaco or Tihuanacu) was one of the first imperial states in South America, dominating portions of what is now southern Peru, northern Chile, and eastern Bolivia for approximately four hundred years (AD 550-950). The capital city, also called Tiwanaku, was located on the southern shores of Lake Titicaca, on the border between Bolivia and Peru. Tiwanaku Basin Chronology The city of Tiwanaku emerged as a major ritual-political center in the southeastern Lake Titicaca Basin as early as the Late Formative/Early Intermediate period (100 BC-AD 500), and expanded greatly in extent and monumentality during the later part of the period. After 500 AD, Tiwanaku was transformed into an expansive urban center, with far-flung colonies of its own. Tiwanaku I (Qalasasaya), 250 BC-AD 300, Late FormativeTiwanaku III (Qeya), AD 300-475Tiwanaku IV (Tiwanaku Period), AD 400-800, Andean Middle HorizonTiwanaku V, AD 800-1150hiatus Inca Empire, AD 1400-1532 Tiwanaku City The capital city of Tiwanaku lies in the high river basins of the Tiwanaku and Katari rivers, at altitudes between 3,800 and 4,200 meters (12,500-13,880 feet) above sea level. Despite its location at such a high altitude, and with frequent frosts and thin soils, perhaps as many as 20,000 people lived in the city at its heyday. During the Late Formative period, the Tiwanaku Empire was in direct competition with the Huari empire, located in central Peru. Tiwanaku style artifacts and architecture have been discovered throughout the central Andes, a circumstance that has been attributed to imperial expansion, dispersed colonies, trading networks, a spread of ideas or a combination of all these forces. Crops and Farming The basin floors where Tiwanaku city was built were marshy and flooded seasonally because of snow melt from the Quelcceya ice cap. The Tiwanaku farmers used this to their advantage, constructing elevated sod platforms or raised fields on which to grow their crops, separated by canals. These raised agricultural field systems stretched the capacity of the high plains to allow for protection of crops through frost and drought periods. Large aqueducts were also constructed at satellite cities such as Lukurmata and Pajchiri. Because of the high elevation, crops grown by the Tiwanaku were limited to frost-resistant plants such as potatoes and quinoa. Llama caravans brought maize and other trade goods up from lower elevations. The Tiwanaku had large herds of domesticated alpaca and llama  and hunted wild guanaco and vicuà ±a. Stone Work Stone was of primary importance to Tiwanaku identity: although the attribution is not certain, the city may have been called Taypikala (Central Stone) by its residents. The city is characterized by elaborate, impeccably carved and shaped stonework in its buildings, which are a striking blend of yellow-red-brown locally-available in its buildings, which are a striking blend of yellow-red-brown locally-available sandstone, and greenish-bluish volcanic andesite from farther away. Recently, Janusek and colleagues have argued that the variation is tied to a political shift at Tiwanaku. The earliest buildings, constructed during the Late Formative period, were principally built of sandstone. Yellowish to reddish brown sandstones were used in architectural revetments, paved floors, terrace foundations, subterranean canals, and a host of other structural features. Most of the monumental stelae, which depict personified ancestral deities and animate natural forces, are also made of sandstone. Recent studies have identified the location of the quarries in the foothills of the Kimsachata mountains, southeast of the city. The introduction of bluish to greenish gray andesite happens at the start of the Tiwanaku period (AD 500-1100), at the same time as Tiwanaku began to expand its power regionally. Stoneworkers and masons began to incorporate the heavier volcanic rock from more distant ancient volcanoes and igneous outgroups, recently identified at mounts Ccapia and Copacabana in Peru. The new stone was denser and harder, and the stonemasons used it to build on a larger scale than before, including large pedestals and trilithic portals. In addition, the workers replaced some sandstone elements in the older buildings with new andesite elements. Monolithic Stelae Present at Tiwanaku city and other Late Formative centers are stelae, stone statues of personages. The earliest are made of reddish-brown sandstone. Each of these early ones depicts a single anthropomorphic individual, wearing distinctive facial ornaments or painting. The persons arms are folded across his or her chest, with one hand sometimes placed over the other. Beneath the eyes are lightning bolts; and the personages are wearing minimal clothing, consisting of a sash, skirt, and headgear. The early monoliths are decorated with sinuous living creatures such as felines and catfish, often rendered symmetrically and in pairs. Scholars suggest that these might represent images of a mummified ancestor. Later, about 500 AD, the stelae change in style. These later stelae are carved from andesite, and the persons depicted have impassive faces and wear elaborately woven tunics, sashes, and headgear of elites. The people in these carvings have three-dimensional shoulders, head, arms, legs, and feet. They often hold equipment associated with the use of hallucinogens: a kero vase full of fermented chicha and a snuff tablet for hallucinogenic resins. There is more variations of dress and body decoration among the later stelae, including face markings and hair tresses, which may represent individual rulers or dynastic family heads; or different landscape features and their associated deities. Scholars believe these represent living ancestral hosts rather than mummies. Trade and Exchange After about 500 AD, there is clear evidence that Tiwanaku established a pan-regional system of multi-community ceremonial centers in Peru and Chile. The centers had terraced platforms, sunken courts and a set of religious paraphernalia in what is called Yayamama style. The system was connected back to Tiwanaku by trading caravans of llamas, trading goods such as maize, coca, chili peppers, plumage from tropical birds, hallucinogens, and hardwoods. The diasporic colonies endured for hundreds of years, originally established by a few Tiwanaku individuals but also supported by in-migration. Radiogenic strontium and oxygen isotope analysis of the Middle Horizon Tiwanaku colony at Rio Muerto, Peru, found that a small number of the people buried at Rio Muerto were born elsewhere and traveled as adults. Scholars suggest they may have been interregional elites, herders, or caravan drovers. Collapse of Tiwanaku After 700 years, the Tiwanaku civilization disintegrated as a regional political force. This happened about 1100 AD, and resulted, at least one theory goes, from the effects of climate change, including a sharp decrease in rainfall. There is evidence that the groundwater level dropped and the raised field beds failed, leading to a collapse of agricultural systems in both the colonies and the heartland. Whether that was the sole or most important reason for the end of the culture is debated. Archaeological Ruins of Tiwanaku Satellites and Colonies Bolivia: Lukurmata, Khonkho Wankane, Pajchiri, Omo, Chiripa, Qeyakuntu, Quiripujo, Juchuypampa Cave, Wata Wata Chile: San Pedro de Atacama Peru: Chan Chan, Rio Muerto, Omo Sources The best source for detailed Tiwanaku information has to be Alvaro Higuerass Tiwanaku and Andean Archaeology. Baitzel SI, and Goldstein PS. 2014. More than the sum of its parts: Dress and social identity in a provincial Tiwanaku child burial. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 35:51-62.Becker SK, and Alconini S. 2015. Head Extraction, Interregional Exchange, and Political Strategies of Control at the Site of Wata Wata, Kallawaya Territory, Bolivia, during the Transition between the Late Formative and Tiwanaku Periods (A.D. 200-800). Latin American Antiquity 26(1):30-48.Hu D. 2017. War or peace? Assessing the rise of the Tiwanaku state through projectile-point analysis. Lithics: The Journal of the Lithic Studies Society 37:84-86.Janusek JW. 2016. Processions, Ritual Movements, and the Ongoing Production of Pre-Columbian Societies, with a Perspective from Tiwanaku. Processions in the Ancient Americas: Occasional Papers in Anthropology at Penn State 33(7).Janusek JW, Williams PR, Golitko M, and Aguirre CL. 2013. Building Taypikala: Telluric Transformations in the Lithic Production of Tiwana ku. In: Tripcevich N, and Vaughn KJ, editors. Mining and Quarrying in the Ancient Andes: Springer New York. p 65-97. Knudson KJ, Gardella KR, and Yaeger J. 2012. Provisioning Inka feasts at Tiwanaku, Bolivia: the geographic origins of camelids in the Pumapunku complex. Journal of Archaeological Science 39(2):479-491.Knudson KJ, Goldstein PS, Dahlstedt A, Somerville A, and Schoeninger MJ. 2014. Paleomobility in the Tiwanaku Diaspora: Biogeochemical analyses at Rio Muerto, Moquegua, Peru. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 155(3):405-421.Niemeyer HM, Salazar D, Tricallotis HH, and Peà ±a-Gà ³mez FT. 2015. New Insights into the Tiwanaku Style of Snuff Trays from San Pedro de Atacama, Northern Chile. Latin American Antiquity 26(1):120-136.Somerville AD, Goldstein PS, Baitzel SI, Bruwelheide KL, Dahlstedt AC, Yzurdiaga L, Raubenheimer S, Knudson KJ, and Schoeninger MJ. 2015. Diet and gender in the Tiwanaku colonies: Stable isotope analysis of human bone collagen and apatite from Moquegua, Peru. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 158(3):408-422.

How to Write Interview Questions

How to Write Interview Questions The truth is that there is no single recipe for effective interviewing, no single format for all situations and tasks, no one right way of wording questions. However, there are some useful guidelines that should be considered. To prepare well-crafted questions, you need to understand the goal of the interview and what you need to know from the person youre interviewing. With this information in mind, it will be easier to create unique questions for your particular situation. Below youll find some great strategies and tips for coping with the assignment successfully. Start with a â€Å"Softball Question† Why is the first question so important? It should make the interviewee open, relaxed and eager to share the information youre interested in. A â€Å"softball question† will create the right atmosphere and make the interview flow naturally. This question has to be very simple and uncontroversial, not challenging at all. It shouldnt require a lot of thought or risk to answer it. Thats why start your interview with this simple question to set the right tone for your conversation. Ask Open-Ended Questions To receive as much information as possible, you have to avoid â€Å"yes† or â€Å"no† questions. Instead, always use open-ended questions. They will help you find out all you need for your story. Remember that your purpose is to create a dialogue, so its important to write the questions that require a full, not obvious answer. Proceed with a Reflection Question To learn how your interviewee thinks, you need to write reflection questions. This type of questions will make a person recollect and share some information or story with you. You can ask anything that will make a person look back: a career path, some important events, difficult life moments, etc. A reflection question is a great way to keep the conversation going. Ask Questions that Cause Emotional Response You need to write a few questions that cause the emotional response. Consider what can make your interviewee feel excited or annoyed. The emotional response shouldnt be only positive, thats why you can ask tricky questions. Start your questions with â€Å"why† and â€Å"how† to receive a full answer. For instance, you may ask something like â€Å"Why did you decide to start writing that book if the previous one didnt sell well?† Include a Curve Ball Question Now you have to look at the questions youve written. If there are too many similar ones, consider adding a curve ball. This question can be a fun and interesting adding to the general story. Ask something unrelated to the whole conversion to spice it with interesting information. Paraphrase Your Questions When youve finished writing all the questions, look them over and decide which ones should be paraphrased. Make sure that your questions are clear and understandable. If you feel that some of them become irrelevant, consider to replace them with the more suitable questions. Throughout all phases of writing, keep centered on the purpose of your interview. It will help you come up with the right questions. You may need to do a research on the person you are going to interview to gather all the information before writing questions. Knowing the persons goals, personality, achievements and failures will help you write really good questions. Remember that there is no one right way of interviewing, thats why try to write interesting questions for your appropriate situation and create a pleasant and engaging dialogue with your interviewee.

Demerests Knowledge Management Model and Others Research Paper

Demerests Knowledge Management Model and Others - Research Paper Example The Knowledge Category Model categorises knowledge into discrete elements. The most renowned of these models is the model by Nonaka and Takeuchi, The Knowledge Spiral Model. In this model, there are some assumptions that have been made. The first assumption is that tacit knowledge can be transferred to others and become their tacit knowledge through the process of socialisation. The second assumption is that through externalisation, tacit knowledge can become explicit knowledge. The third assumption is that through internalisation, explicit knowledge can be converted to tacit knowledge. The fourth and the last assumption is that combination helps in making our explicit knowledge of the explicit knowledge of others. Another model in this category is that of Boisot, 1998. There are four characteristics of this model when knowledge is codified and un-diffused than it is propriety knowledge, it is basically on a need to know basis. The second characteristic is that when knowledge is un-c odified and un-diffused it is a piece of personal knowledge. The third type of knowledge according to this model is public knowledge and this is codified and diffused. The last type of knowledge is common sense. The second category of Knowledge Management is Intellectual Capital Models. The model assumes that intellectual capital can be broken down into two categories: human capital and organisational or structural capital. The third category of Knowledge Management is Socially Constructed Models. In this model, knowledge is linked with the social and learning process of the organisation.