The Sumerians Were The Most Successful Ancient...

Introduction The Sumerians were the most successful ancient civilization. The first reason is they created the first written language. The second reason is they achieved many things. The last reason is that they invented many things. Cuneiform The Sumerians were the most successful ancient civilization because they created the first written language. For example, without the Sumerians, we humans would not have the invention of writing. Their writing was called cuneiform. Cuneiform is when they took a stylus and imprinted writing on clay tablets. The Sumerians would sometimes also imprint on wax, stone, and metal. Cuneiform is considered the most significant among the many cultural contributions of the Sumerians. Cuneiform writing is traced back from c. 3500 - 3000 BC. The writing wasn t first actually words. They used pictographs for writing in their records. Instead of writing letters â€Å"s-u-n†, a Sumerian would imprint a pictograph of what they had as a sun on a clay tablet. Also, they used symbols that represented traded goods and livestock. The Sumerians used writing to keep records and to keep their stories. Before the actual writing on the clay tablets was created, the Sumerians originally had tokens. The tokens were items that represented words. They were kept safe together in a sealed clay envelope. The way the Sumerians knew what was in the envelope was that they press the tokens into the clay on the outside. The reason that they had the tokens inShow MoreRelatedThe Most Influential Innovators Of The Ancient World Essay1510 Words   |  7 Pagessouth flowing into the Persian Sea. Sandy river valleys covered most of the south and mountain ranges dotted the north. This land was also known as the Fertile Crescent. Mesopotamia is one of the first major of civilization along with others that sprung up along major rivers around the world at approximately the same time. Mesopotamia was home to the Sumerians, who became known as one of the most influential innovators of the ancient world. A couple thousand miles southwest of Mesopotamia lies theRead MoreEssay on The Comparative Strength Of Rome1038 Words   |  5 PagesRome, considered by most the greatest empire of the ancient world, stretched from modern day England to Palestine and was more successful than all previous Empires. Romes government, military, economic and civic structures were all superior to those of their predecessors. The Sumerians were the first people to build civilization and attempt empire in the western world. Like Rome, they had a governmental structure,Read MoreThe Beginning Of The River Valley Civilizations1999 Words   |  8 Pagesdepending on agriculture in order to survive, early ancient river valley civilizations began to emerge. With the emergence of these civilizations came political, environmental, religious, social, economic, technological and architecture developments that resulted in the significance in each. These early river valley civilizations are what set the stage for not only modern day but helped with the development of another. Among the several early civilizations stood, Mesopotamia, established between the TigrisRead MoreHistory And Evolution Of The Modern World922 Words   |  4 PagesWith all these factors in collaboration, we have a civilization, the highest form of human organization. In an organization, the living biotic creatures are given the ability to sust ain and eventually assemble what they consider to be modern life. In ancient culture, prehistoric Mesopotamian and Egyptian cultures created what they believed to be a civilization. Through extensive use of resource and desire to evolve in humanity, both civilizations succeeded in leaving impact. However, Within MesopotamianRead MoreSumer And Egypt : The Pioneers Of Civilization1226 Words   |  5 PagesSumer and Egypt were two of the first civilizations established in ancient history, the Sumerians being the pioneers of civilization. Each of the civilizations settled on fertile lands and established political, religious, and economic standards of their own. The Sumerians created a system of writing called cuneiform, developed a theocratic government, established an agricultural-based economic system, and created a polytheistic religion. Because the land was flat and marshy with few hills or mountainsRead MoreUrban Society in the Ancient World1283 Words   |  6 Pages The Western civilization and culture has brought many features to our every day life. In the Western world, people have developed their own social organization, religion, and educations (Mackay et al. 2012). Through ancient systems of writing to the latest invention, people keep evolving and shaping their knowledge to a better and successful life. Furthermore, people realized that through history, they could learn or discover new things, or how to prevent the same mistakes. In this essay, I willRead MoreSimilarities in the Artwork of Mesopotamia, Ancient Egypt, the Aegean cultures, and Ancient Greece941 Words   |  4 Pages The artworks of Mesopotamia, Ancient Egypt, the Aegean cultures, and Ancient Greece have similarities that not only reflect objects and images, but also the media, style and representation. These countries were not always wealthy, clever, creative and powerful enough to gain supplies, but they all find a way to create art with what they had. They have all influenced on each other’s cultures and belief through their artistic values and ways, ranging from the materials and tools they use, positionRead MoreThe Mesopotamia And The Nile River Valley1596 Words   |  7 PagesI chose the Mesopotamia and the Nile River Valley. These two civilizations are two of the most favorable ancient civilizations. Although these civilizations are similar in many ways, the small, but impacting differences it what makes these two civilizations stand out the most. The Nile River Valley was located in northern Africa in a country called Egypt. Mesopotamia was located in modern day Iraq, Iran, Syria, Kuwait, and parts of Turkey. The origin of Mesopotamia comes from the meaning â€Å"betweenRead MoreThe Epic Of Gilgamesh 1523 Words   |  7 PagesMohammad El-haj Mid-Term Humanities Question #1: The Epic of Gilgamesh The story focuses on Gilgamesh who is a king, goddess and man in the ancient Sumerian City state of Uruk. Gilgamesh is presented as the strongest and handsome man in the world but this makes the king feel superior to his subjects.’ Gilgamesh exploits young men through tiresome activities. In addition, Gilgamesh sexually exploits young women in his Kingdom until the residents of Urk cannot take any more and prays to gods for deliveranceRead MoreCore Values Of Civilization1005 Words   |  5 Pagesthe beginning of time people have been in awe at the formation of civilization. Books have been written, articles have been published, and even Sid Meier created the video game Civilization surrounding this concept. In the game, players are tasked with not only establishing and maintaining a civilization but as well as determining the core values and characteristics of the civilization in question. The core values of civilization are the use of tools and technology for life enhance ment, social

Murder of Roger Ackroyd Free Essays

Have you read any Agatha Christie yet? Because she is extremely awesome and not boring and conventional like you might think. In fact, her 1926 novel The Murder of Roger Ackroyd was so controversial when it came out (due to a twist ending that I’m not going to reveal) that critics were divided and other mystery writers aghast. In this mystery a widow has apparently committed suicide one year after her husband’s mysterious death. We will write a custom essay sample on Murder of Roger Ackroyd or any similar topic only for you Order Now The town doctor confirms the death and later dines with a friend (and the wealthiest man in town), who was also close with the widow. After the doctor leaves the man’s house for the evening, he is called back only to find his friend has been stabbed in the neck. And there we have the murder of Roger Ackroyd. Lucky for (almost) everyone, a strange foreigner has recently moved to the town for his retirement. He is none other than the famous Belgian detective, Hercule Poirot, and after a little coaxing from Ackroyd’s niece, he takes on the case and begins investigating the murder with the good doctor as his sidekick. There are a whole household of intriguing suspects, each of which would benefit from Ackroyd’s death and every one of them seems to be hiding something. In this book, as in the other Agatha Christie novels I’ve read, the strength lies in the balance between a great mystery (lots of clues, red herrings, and teasing hints) and a masterful sense of character and psychology. Truly a perfect mystery. This is the first Hercule Poirot book that I’ve read, and although I’ve seen some TV adaptations of Poirot stories and had a general familiarity with his character I’ve been told by a friend that I would get even more out of The Murder of Roger Ackroyd if I had a little more Poirot under my belt. Which is great because I can’t wait to read some more†¦ How to cite Murder of Roger Ackroyd, Essay examples

Gm 533 Final Paper free essay sample

Gm 533 Final Paper Executive Summary An analysis was performed for Quick Stab Collection Agency. This agency specializes on relatively small accounts and avoids risky collections such as debtor that tends to be chronically late with payments or is known to be hostile. The collection business can be very profitable. Quick Stab Collection Agency has been known to purchase small accounts for $10. 00 to collect a debt of $60. 00. The profitable of this agency depend critically on the numbers of days to collect the debt, the size of the bill and the discount rate offer. QSCA has asked us to find a relationship between the size of the bill and the days collected if any. In this data set there’s variable DAYS is the number to collect the payment, and also the BILL would be the amount of the overdue bills. The data will define that the TYPE=1 for residential accounts and the 0 for commercial accounts. A 95% confidence level was chosen. Introduction The strategy for QSCA Company it depends on how fast they can collect the debt and the amount of money received above what they paid for the account of course their intend is to get all of the amount but they realize that that may not those offering discounts in order to get payment. We will randomly select accounts from January to June that have been designated has overdue in the data set and try to establish a relationship between the size of the bill and the numbers of days to collect. In order to give management the tools need it to make decisions as to better handle accounts collections. Research Purpose The purpose of this analysis was to determine if there is a relationship between size of bills and days to collect the bill, But we have to ask the question how do we determine such a relationship if any and based to the data set given is their enough information to come to a conclusive decision. There is a sentiment with in QSCA that such a relation does exist. Hypothesis Analysis and Method Data Sample Having collected data for 6 months in both residential and commercial accounts we have a date set of 96 accounts both residential and commercial. The data set capture recorded dates the bill have been delinquent the amount of the bill and the type of bill. A copy of the survey can be found in the document sharing on the course website. Analysis Methodology In developing the criterion, a 95% confidence level was chosen and regression analysis along with a scatter plot. Computed Value of Test Statistic From the data set collected, the following test statistics were obtained: |Regression Analysis | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |r? |0. 079 |n |32 | | | | |r |-0. 281 |k |1 | | | | |Std. Error |81. 430 |Dep. Var. |Bill | | | | | | | | | | | |ANOVA table | | | | | | | |Source |SS |df |MS |F |p-value | | |Regression | 17,097. 6041 |1 |17,097. 6041 |2. 58 |. 1188 | | |Residual | 198,925. 6146 |30 |6,630. 8538 | | | | |Total | 216,023. 2188 |31 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Regression output | | | |confidence interval | |variables | coefficients |std. error | t (df=30) |p-value |95% lower |95% upper | |Intercept |219. 1587 |34. 7654 | 6. 304 |5. 98E-07 |148. 1582 |290. 1592 | | | |Descriptive statistics | | | | | |Days | |count |32 | |mean |53. 2 | |sample variance |604. 95 | |sample standard deviation |24. 60 | |minimum |13 | |maximum |94 | |range |81 | | | | |Descriptive statistics | | | | | |Bill | |count |32 | |mean |168. 34 | |sample variance |6,968. 49 | |sample standard deviation |83. 48 | |minimum |46 | |maximum |311 | |range |265 | | | | Scatter plot: [pic] Interpretation: Regression Analysis The r score of -0. 281 shows that our data a relatively has no strong positive correlation. The r score does not indicate that there is a positive relationship between the two variables. However the r square result was a result of 0. 079 wish would show only 7. 9% of the variance between the two data points. The standard error of 34. 7654 shows a relatively small sampling error in the data, or that there is too much error in the sample data. The F score of 2. 58 indicates that the linear relationship between the days and the bills isn’t particularly strong. The P value of 5. 98 is also too high to indicate a strong linear relationship. Descriptive Statistics We took a descriptive statistics for both data we used. The mean indicates that the days were 53 seconds. The range for the data set seems rather small at 81 seconds from 13 seconds to 94 seconds. The mean for bills was 168 or 16. 8 percent. This data also has a range of 265 or 26. 7 percent to a 31. 1 percent. Scatter Plot The scatter plot shows no indication between days and the bills. As you see that the day data decreases as the bill also decreases. Which they do not appears to have any variance from the line the days of the data points generally decreases with the bill data. Recommendation Conclusion References Bowerman, Bruce L. O’ Connell, Richard T, Orris, J. B; and Murphree, Emily S. 2010. Essentials of Business Statistics. New York: McGraw- Hill, Irwin . Microsolf Excel. Microsoft Corporation. Version 5. 0. 1997 Mega Stat Copyright 2009 by J. B Orris is a statistical add- in for Microsoft Excell, handcrafted by J. B Orris of Butler University. References Berenson, Mark L. , and David M. Levine. 1999. Basic Business Statistics. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. Long, Lori. 1986. â€Å"Surveys from Start to Finish. † Info-Line 1-14. Microsoft( Excel. Microsoft Corporation. Version 5. 0. 1997. PHStat(. Prentice-Hall. 7th Edition. 1999.

Out of touch with the public

Table of Contents Introduction The executive The judiciary The Legislature References Introduction A significant number of Americans feel that their government is out of touch with them. Below is a look at the different branches of government and how they affect the perceptions of the public about government involvement with issues affecting them.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Out of touch with the public specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The executive Many American presidents have been accused of being ‘out of touch’ with the public. According to Towle (2004), this can be explained by a combination of factors key among them fickle public opinions, failure to meet the expectations of the public and choosing to â€Å"do the right things over the popular things† (p. 4). Image problems on the president’s part are also to blame for the unflattering perception that the public has on him . Once the public start thinking that the president is unresponsive to their needs, then it becomes an entire government issue because the whole administration will be judged from the same light. According to Towle (2004), the strained relationship that exist between contemporary presidents and the public mainly happens because administrators in the president’s office treat public opinion with contempt and in the process alienates the president from useful pointers that may give him a better understanding of the people. Without a clear understanding of the public opinion, then the president stands no chance at relating well with the public. But what exactly is public opinion? Towle (2004) argues that public opinion at any given time is the prevailing temporary common will of the people, which covers perceived attitudes about the government’s role, government legitimacy, perceptions about roles played by the citizenry in the prevailing political order and perceptions ab out good governance and right policies. When the public feels the presidency is out of touch with their needs on governance and social issues, then they usually conclude that he is indeed out of touch with the public. George W Bush is an example who failed to understand the public and hence was seen as being out-of-touch with Americans. The judiciary Unlike the legislature and the executive, the judiciary only comes into contact with the public on issues relating to law enforcement and the maintenance of law and order. Yet, it is unsettling that the judiciary is often perceived as the branch of government that is most isolated from the realities presented in the society. The public usually believe that ‘law has its owners’ usually leaves constitutional matters to the experts. When it comes to issues of crime and punishment, the public believes that only a judge who understands the community and the values where a crime was committed can make a good judgment (Baynes, 200 7). Among the most cited reasons why the judiciary seems to be out of touch with the public is the lack of diversity therein and the restricted access that people have to the legal profession.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Being a diverse nation, most people expect that the diversity would be reflected in the courts. Where diversity lacks, Baynes (2007) observes that the public will mostly lose confidence in judiciary’s decision-making. A perfect example is New York State where a majority of judges are white and hence the people of color lack the confidence that they would get justice in the court systems in the state. The Legislature While the legislature is made up of the senate and congress, it is the former that receives the most bashing from the public. According to Hibbing Theiss-Morse (1995), while most congress men get elected on a promise of better gover nance and change, they soon start complaining about the hectic pace in congress, demands from people they represent, demands from interest groups, the divided legislative process and the intrusive media among other things. This usually happens when the congressmen cannot meet the promises made to their electorate as fast as they would want to. With the country slowly reeling out of the recession, the major disappointment with congress among the people seems to be its inability to pass laws that would make the economy better (Pascal, 2010). Congressmen also lack the ability to prioritize the problems facing the country and hence fail to accord them the necessary urgency. References Baynes, L.M. (2007). Public Forum: A lasting Blue print for Judicial Diversity. Web. Hibbing, J. R Theiss-Moire, E. (1995). Congress as public enemy: Public attitudes toward American political institutions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pascal, M. (2010). Washington DC is out of touch with realit y. The Moderate voice. Web. Towle, M. J. (2004). Out of Touch: the presidency and public opinion. Texas: AM University Press.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Out of touch with the public specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This essay on Out of touch with the public was written and submitted by user Kash Flores to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. 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Risk and Safety Management The WritePass Journal

Risk and Safety Management INTRODUCTION Risk and Safety Management INTRODUCTIONHS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM MODELSRESERACH EVIDENCE OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF HS MANAGEMENT SYSTEMBARRIERS TO THE EFFECTIVENESS OF HS MANAGEMENT SYSTEMCASE STUDY OF MY EXPERIENCE IN THE EFFECTIVENESS OF HS MANAGEMENT SYSTEMRESULTS OF EXPERIENCECONCLUSIONREFERENCESRelated INTRODUCTION The idea of occupational health and management systems is rather complex and several definitions exist. The debate about OSHMSs is evident that there is no universal knowledge of the concept of occupational health and safety management. Rather there exist many models and approaches which are frequently merely sub elements regarded as complete management systems. Although the fundamental objective is to improve the health and safety of employees, at a more indebt level, one can find a variety, for example by using prevention as a fundamental company objective, by projecting the employer’s responsibility or by improving the employees’ participation and their representatives. Occupational Health and Safety management system can be defined as   a set of harmonized and incorporated processes, that allows a business or organisation to be able to control and manage their occupational health and safety issues in a homogeneous, orderly and effective way. It also enables organisations to comply with the requirements of legislation and also to initiate current best practice. Because it uses a systems approach, it helps guarantee’s a reliable and systematic approach to health and safety management throughout an organisation. Implementing this type of system is an indication that an organisation is taking a coordinated approach to the prevention of occupational health and safety risks. It is a choice that explicitly sets out to:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Improve an institutions responsiveness and performance in OSH   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   purge or reduce health and safety failures   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   predict change   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ensure overall uniformity with other management policies   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Contribute to improving the Company’s image. HS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM MODELS There are two recommended approaches depending on the organisational needs of the business and with the objective that the approach will be integrated into the total management system.   One is based on successful health and safety management HS (G) 65. Another model is OHSAS 18001, the international standard for health and safety management systems. The international standard recognises HS (G) 65 and uses essentially identical principles. Both models are very similar with some minor differences. Effective health and safety management systems should have clear processes to follow, such as clear directives that describes who does what and when. Effective health and safety management systems should also have Control Forms in place that are used to control the important steps in the process. These should be simple, clear and easy to use as they will, when concluded, records that are necessary for the continues effectiveness of the management system. Some of the basic components of an effective management system are thus: 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   developing a sound policy, 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     organising, 3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   developing procedures, 4)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   monitoring performance and 5)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Reviewing the effectiveness of the management system. The various models of management systems standards are in effect establish on the same values of management as those of general management. Management systems based on OHSAS 18001, AS 4801-2000 and ISO 14001 are   prescriptive than others that are base on HSG65 and, to a great extent, ILO-OSH 2001, which base greater concern to the responsibility of people in the management of occupational health and safety risks.    RESERACH EVIDENCE OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF HS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM Some research has been carried out to assess the effectiveness of Occupational health and safety management systems. Frick et al. (2000:2) pointed out that the lack of critical assessment is astonishing despite the fact that: ‘OHSM has evolved internationally as the major strategy to reduce the serious social and economic problem of ill-health at work’. On the other hand, there are some researches that base their findings on the effectiveness of OHSMS, and which will be grouped as the ‘effectiveness research’. The first (effectiveness research) is a project started in the late 1970s, by researchers at the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) in the USA to look at the different characteristics of companies with outstanding health and safety performance. In the first two stages of the research, matched pair comparisons were undertaken of safety programme practices in companies with high and low injury rates (Cohen et al., 1975; Smith et al., 1978). The third stage of the research looked at the health and safety programmes of five companies with commendable health and safety performance (Cohen Cleveland, 1983). Some sensitive issues were identified in the NIOSH research and other research linking the practise of health and safety management with injury result data (Simonds Shafai-Sahrai, 1977; Viner et al., 1989; Gallagher, 1994; Zohar, 1980; Chew, 1988; Shannon et al., 1996; Simard Marchand, 1995; Eyssen et al., 1980). Research findings of the studies suggest the fundamental and critical role played by senior management employees (managers) in successful health and safety management systems, the role of effective communication, employee participation and consultation in the whole process. Another research conducted in the nuclear industry have identified further conditions for the effectiveness of health and safety management systems. Marcus’ (1988:251) research of externally induced health and safety innovations in nuclear power companies following an incident (Three Mile Island incident) found autonomy to be a fundamental factor for the effectiveness of Health and safety management system. Nichols and Marcus (1990) in their research emphasize the eventual negative impact of the lack of management attention from vital production and safety requirements. There are some factors that stand against the adoption of effective health and safety management systems. These include: -the difficulties faced by small firms, -subcontracting arrangements, and -contemporary labour market changes. Research conducted in Australia by Gallagher (2000) was based on the relationship between OHS type and system performance. This is the only major empirical research of health and safety management system effectiveness in Australian industry. Research evidence was collected in the mid 1990s from some twenty organisations that had implemented an occupational health and management systems. The systems in these organisations were grouped according to Gallagher’s cross typology based on management structure/style and control strategy. Performance was then evaluated using three criteria Incident/claims trends, -changes in performance relative to industry benchmarks, and An assessment through an audit tool based upon Safety MAP. The research findings suggest the type of occupational health and safety management system may influence its effectiveness or failure. There was a tendency for innovative/safe place enterprises (adaptive hazard managers) to perform better than traditional/safe person enterprises (unsafe act minimisers). Adaptive hazard managers stand out from the remainder by the vigour of their focus on elimination of hazard as the underlying purpose of their system activity. They had an organised approach to the management of hazard for the full spectrum of hazards, in contrast to other cases where systems activity variously had an underlying risk management or cultural change purpose, or appeared to be base at improving the health and safety system as an end in itself. Gallagher’s findings strengthen the results of the various ‘effectiveness’ research that highlight the important role played by top managers and of employee participation and engagement ‘’That the most senior managers should drive health and safety change and that health and safety representatives should move away from the margins of health and safety management, into more mainstream health and safety management planning, implementation and review.’’ In his analysis of the Esso gas plant disaster, Hopkins’ (2000) provides a thorough case study of how lack of management commitment can cause a system to fail in practice. Esso had its own occupational health and safety management in place called Operational Integrity Management System (OIMS), once complemented by many as an ideal system and one which company audits suggested was operating at peak level. Reviewing material from the Longford Royal Commission, Hopkins identifies a number of failures in the Esso system that directly contributed to the disaster: 1)   Defective auditing processes, 2) Failure to adequately identify hazards and assess risks, 3) A hands-off management strategy, 4) Absence of procedures to deal with the immediate set of incidents, 5) Inadequate training, 6) Poor communication mechanisms 7) Inadequate hazard reporting system. All the above can in a sense be seen as some of the barriers to the effectiveness of an occupational health and safety management system. Hopkins (2000:147) on the other hand challenges the critics of Occupational health and safety management systems who argue that the Esso disaster discredits the idea of an OHS management system and points instead to the need for ‘organisational mindfulness’, an idea said to account for the reliability of high reliability organisations. Hopkins suggests that mindfulness can strengthen an OHSMS by highlighting the aspects of health and safety management that are essential for high reliability. A further research by Dell (2000) was out to identify the conditions of an effective OHSMS and the needed interventions to ensure the systems characteristics are well understood and applicable to industry. Dell draws the differences between proactive and reactive systems, the later marked by reactive activity following an incident; the former by proactive hazard management linked to quality and continuous improvement philosophy. Of the fifteen companies assessed, more than half have no management focus on health and safety and high levels of legislative non-compliance and no fundamental system in place.   Of the remaining companies with some sort of system in place, the systems are mainly reactive in nature with no indication of proactive logical hazard or risk management activity. System performance remains difficult to separate given these sub-optimal conditions. BARRIERS TO THE EFFECTIVENESS OF HS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM The evidence from research suggests that Occupational Health and Safety management systems are likely to fail because of the following reasons: 1).The inability to meet primary conditions for Occupational health and management systems effectiveness (by not customising systems to organisational needs, imposition without consultation, relax top management commitment and non-employee involvement). 2).The inapt utilisation of audit tools (where they become an end in themselves, are base on misdirected management goals, and are conducted without any expert auditor skills, standards and criteria). 3). Application of the system in hostile contexts (small business, precarious employment, contractors and labour hire companies). CASE STUDY OF MY EXPERIENCE IN THE EFFECTIVENESS OF HS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM These case studies are base on my experience on a review which was undertaken by ASHMAN ASSOCIATES LTD CAMEROON between 2001 and 2009. These studies include: 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A review of occupational health and safety management systems used within the Cameroonian chicken processing industry. 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   An evaluation of injury prevention within a large governmental department with multiple locations across Cameroon. 3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The development of a strategic plan for injury prevention within a large governmental departmental involved in the running of detention centres. 4)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     The approach towards injury prevention with the Douala reference hospital 5)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A manufacturing company involved with the making and distribution of textiles. Each of these case studies involved an objective of assessing the effectiveness of the occupational health and safety systems for developing an injury prevention model suitable for the culture and hazards associated with the respective workplaces. Each project primarily involved the following methodology: 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A review of the workplace’s injury history for the previous three to six years and identification of the primary types of injuries as well as their location and causal agents. 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A review of incident reports and safety committee minutes, as well as consultation with key stakeholders in identifying the variety of hazards that is evident within the respective workplace. 3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A series of walk-through inspections and audits of targeted areas within the workplaces. 4)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Technical assessments based on a risk management approach for identifying hazards, with assessing based on legislative and best practice models, and development of appropriate risk controls. 5)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Maintaining consultation with the stakeholders throughout the risk assessment approach and monitoring the adoption and evaluation of recommendations. 6)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Integrating the results of the risk assessments into a range of appropriate business plans relevant for the size and scope of issues managed in the business. 7)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Debriefing the senior management of the organisation on the major findings and recommendations. 8)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Developing key performance indicators, in consultation with the stakeholder groups, to ensure an approach of ongoing implementation and continuous improvement with respect to addressing injury prevention in the workplace. RESULTS OF EXPERIENCE On the basis of the research conducted in these workplaces, a range of business imperatives were clearly identified within those companies which were successful in addressing occupational health risks. The key imperatives were as follows: 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Management commitment and active participation 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Participation of the employees 3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Setting of goals and measuring performance 4)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Integration of Occupational health and safety strategies into business plan 5)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Positive feedback and recognition of achievements. The commitment of senior management and their participation in the prevention systems was vital. The direct involvement and commitment of the senior management was the major determinant within specific workplaces as to the level of improvement and sustained performance in injury management. Without their commitment and participation, the prevention appeared to achieve a ‘glass ceiling’ above which the performance appeared not to improve. This was particularly evident where responsibility for OHS management was delegated to a ‘middle level’ manager, in particular those with non-operational responsibilities, such as human resource managers or OHS officers. The successful integration of OHS with other management systems will ensure that the long term objectives of the organisation incorporate a desire to develop OHS initiatives through each stage of the design and development process. It is evident from these case studies that the five basic imperatives outlined should be key components of a system which will produce a sustained focus on injury prevention. Many of the OHS management systems available on the market were found to be too complex and too time consuming and costly to implement and maintain for the majority of the businesses assessed. However, the requirement of at least a simple system which contains these key imperatives would seem a sensible starting place for organisations contemplating a programme focusing on injury prevention at the workplace level. CONCLUSION Implicit in many of the research reviewed above to show the effectiveness of Occupational Health and Safety management system is the finding that OHSMS sometimes work under the appropriate conditions. It also alludes to the significant importance of top management commitment and employee involvement in the whole process. A general agreement also emerged that the effectiveness of Occupational health and safety management systems depends on concrete top management commitment and employee involment which were relentlessly described as essential and inter-linked. Top management commitment is regarded as a pre-requisite for embarking on a systems approach in the first place. Without this whole concept of top management commitment, an OHS management system cannot be effective or is likely to collapse into a token exercise. Employee consultation and Involvement was also considered equally important to its effectiveness.    REFERENCES Cohen, A., Smith, B., Cohen, A. (1975) Safety Program Practices in High vs. Low Accident Rate Companies An Interim Report, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Publication No 75-185, Cincinatti. Cohen, H., Cleveland, R. (1983) Safety Program Practices in Record-Holding Plants, Professional Safety, March, 26-32. Dell, G. (2000) Current Safety Management Practice: Does a Systematic Approach Deliver? Paper presented at the First National Conference on Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems, UWS, Sydney. K. Frick P. Jensen M. Quinlan T. Wilthagen (Eds.) Systematic OHS Management: Perspectives on an International Development, Elsevier, Amsterdam. Gallagher, C. (1997) Health and Safety Management Systems: An Analysis of System Types and Effectiveness, National Key Centre in Industrial Relations, Monash University, Melbourne Gunningham, N., Johnstone, R. (1999) Regulating Workplace Safety: System and Sanctions, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Health and Safety Executive (1991) Successful Health and Safety Management, HMSO, London. Hopkins, A. (2000) Lessons from Longford: The Esso Gas Plant Explosion, CCH Australia Limited, Sydney.

More Answers to Questions About Punctuation

More Answers to Questions About Punctuation More Answers to Questions About Punctuation More Answers to Questions About Punctuation By Mark Nichol Here are my responses to three recent queries from readers about various punctuation matters. 1. In the sentence â€Å"I went to school, although I was feeling ill,† is the comma correct, or is it optional where the meaning is clear? Most subordinating conjunctions require no preceding comma (for example, consider sentences in which before, if, or when bridge two independent clauses), but those that come before a contrasting statement, such as one that begins with although and whereas, should be preceded by one. 2. In the following sentence, is the use of single inverted commas correct, or incorrect?: â€Å"I thought to myself, ‘It’s a good thing that we are going down the stairs, as I would never be able to climb them back.’† For internal thoughts, format as you have done, or italicize thoughts instead of enclosing them in inverted commas (or quotation marks, as they’re usually called in the United States). Here’s a post I wrote on the topic. 3. Today I wrote the sentence â€Å"The assessment is no longer required for technologists; only managers and higher.† I wasn’t sure which punctuation to use where the semicolon is. A comma wouldn’t provide a long enough pause to get my point across. I toyed with the idea of a colon, but it didn’t seem quite right. I went with a semicolon because â€Å"only managers and higher† seemed like a truncated independent clause. Seeing it now (after clicking Send), I think it maybe should have been a dash. What do you think? I think that a comma is sufficient in this sentence, but, yes, for more emphasis, I would use an em dash (and follow it with â€Å"only for managers and higher†). A colon isn’t appropriate, because what follows is a comparison of sorts, not an expansion or definition. To merit a semicolon, what follows would have to be explicitly constructed as an independent clause, not just an abbreviated version of one. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:4 Types of Gerunds and Gerund Phrases3 Cases of Complicated HyphenationThe Difference Between e.g. and i.e.?

Mergers and Acquisitions of Vodafone Research Paper

Mergers and Acquisitions of Vodafone - Research Paper Example Verizon Wireless, which had been a part of Vodafone Plc., was growing very fast, and Vodafone wanted to dispose of its assets in the United States and focus on Europe. Vodafone had not had much success with Verizon Wireless compared to its other subsidiaries in Europe and Africa. As a result, it identified Verizon Wireless as a possible obstacle to its expansion in Europe and Africa. On the other hand, Verizon Communications – the parent company of Verizon Wireless, wanted to solidify its presence in the US market after making several acquisitions in the past years. It should also be noted that Verizon Communications previously owned Vodafone Italy that was part of an agreement they had signed previously. Vodafone wanted to buy back Vodafone Italy so that it could shore up its operations in Europe while Verizon Communications wanted to solidify its presence in the US market. Out of all the motivations for this acquisition, the two core ones were Vodafone’s need to exit the US market and Verizon’s need to expand. The result was the acquisition. The positive impacts of the deal were far-reaching. Vodafone shareholders received cash payments as a result of the deal, and this boosted investor confidence in the company. Vodafone’s shareholders received large payouts and after this deal was more likely to stick with the company than ever before. On the other hand, Verizon’s shareholders were in line to receive increments in dividend income and possible increments in the company’s stock.